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Metacognition
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=== In dogs === Dogs have shown a certain level of metacognition that they are sensitive to information they have acquired or not. Belger & Bräuer (2018) examined whether dogs could seek additional information when facing uncertain situations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belger|first1=Julia|last2=Bräuer|first2=Juliane|date=2018-11-12|title=Metacognition in dogs: Do dogs know they could be wrong?|journal=Learning & Behavior|volume=46|issue=4|pages=398–413|doi=10.3758/s13420-018-0367-5|pmid=30421122|pmc=6276073|issn=1543-4494|doi-access=free}}</ref> The experimenter put the reward behind one of the two fences in which dogs can see or cannot see where the reward was hidden. After that, dogs were encouraged to find the reward by walking around one fence. The dogs checked more frequently before selecting the fence when they did not see the baiting process compared with when they saw where the reward was hidden. However, contrary to apes,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Call|first=Josep|title=Do apes know that they could be wrong?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20306102/|journal=[[Animal Cognition]]|year=2010|volume=13|issue=5|pages=689–700|doi=10.1007/s10071-010-0317-x|pmid=20306102|s2cid=14856244}}</ref> dogs did not show more checking behaviors when the delay between baiting the reward and selecting the fence was longer. Their findings suggested that dogs have some aspect of information-searching behaviors but less flexibly compared to apes.
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