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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
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===Content scales=== Although elevations on the clinical scales are significant indicators of certain psychological conditions, it is difficult to determine exactly what specific behaviors the high scores are related to. The content scales of the MMPI-2 were developed for the purpose of increasing the incremental validity of the clinical scales.<ref name="University of Minnesota Press">{{cite book|last1=Butcher|first1=J|last2=Graham|first2=J|last3=Williams|first3=C|last4=Ben-Porath|first4=Y|title=Development and use of the MMPI-2 content scales|date=1990|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis}}</ref> The content scales contain items intended to provide insight into specific types of symptoms and areas of functioning that the clinical scales do not measure, and are supposed to be used in addition to the clinical scales to interpret profiles. They were developed by Butcher, Graham, Williams and Ben-Porath using similar rational and statistical procedures as Wiggins who developed the original MMPI content scales.<ref name="University of Minnesota Press"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hathaway|first1=S|last2=McKinley|first2=J|last3=MMPI Restandardization Committee|title=MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: manual for administration and scoring.|date=1989|publisher=University of Minnesota Press.|location=Minneapolis}}</ref> The items on the content scales contain obvious content and therefore are susceptible to response bias β exaggeration or denial of symptoms, and should be interpreted with caution. T scores greater than 65 on any content scale are considered high scores.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=John|title=MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology|url=https://archive.org/details/mmpi200grah|url-access=registration|date=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-506068-3}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Abbr.''' !! Name<ref name="MMPI-2 Scales">{{cite web |title=MMPI-2 Scales |url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-2/mmpi-2-scales |website=University of Minnesota Press}}</ref> !! Description{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} |- | '''ANX''' || Anxiety || General symptoms of anxiety, somatic problems, nervousness or worry |- | '''FRS''' || Fears || Specific fears and general fearfulness |- | '''OBS''' || Obsessiveness || Difficulty making decisions, excessive rumination and dislike change |- | '''DEP''' || Depression || Feelings of low mood, lack of energy, suicidal ideation and other depressive features |- | '''HEA''' || Health Concerns || Concerns about illness and physical symptoms |- | '''BIZ''' || Bizarre Mentation || The presence of psychotic thought processes |- | '''ANG''' || Anger || Feelings and expression of anger |- | '''CYN''' || Cynicism || Distrust and suspiciousness of other people and their motives |- | '''ASP''' || Antisocial Practices || Expression of nonconforming attitudes and possible issues with authority |- | '''TPA''' || ''[[Type A and Type B personality theory|Type A]]'' Behavior || Irritability, impatience and competitiveness |- | '''LSE''' || Low Self Esteem || Negative attitudes about self, own ability and submissiveness |- | '''SOD''' || Social Discomfort || Preferring to be alone and discomfort when meeting new people |- | '''FAM'''|| Family Problems || Resentment, anger and perceived lack of support from family members |- | '''WRK''' || Work Interference || Attitudes that contribute to poor work performance |- | '''TRT''' || Negative Treatment Indicators || Feelings of pessimism and unwillingness to reveal personal information to others |- |} ====Content component scales==== The MMPI-2 and MMPI-A included subscales for some of the content scales to further specify the results. For example, ''Depression (DEP)'' was broken down into ''Lack of drive (DEP{{sub|1}})'', ''Dysphoria (DEP{{sub|2}})'', ''Self-depreciation (DEP{{sub|3}})'' and ''Suicidal ideation (DEP{{sub|4}})''.<ref>{{cite web |title=MMPI-2 scales |website=University of Minnesota Press |url=https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/mmpi-2/mmpi-2-scales}}</ref>
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