Editing Model minority (section)

=== African immigrants as the invisible model minority ===
[[African immigration to the United States|African immigrants]] and [[African diaspora|Americans born to African immigrants]] have been described as an "Invisible Model Minority," primarily as a result of a high degree of success in the United States. Due to misconceptions and stereotypes, their success has not been acknowledged by the greater [[Society of the United States|American society]], as well as other Western societies, hence the label of "invisible".<ref name=BlackModelMinority3>{{cite web|title=Black Immigrants, An Invisible 'Model Minority'|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2007/03/black_immigrants_an_invisible.html|publisher=Realclearpolitics.com|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=BlackInvisibleModel4>{{cite web|title=Black African Migration to the United States| url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/africanmigrationus.pdf|publisher=Migrationpolicy.org|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> The invisibility of the success of Africans was touched upon by Dr. Kefa M. Otiso, an academic professor from [[Bowling Green State University]], who stated that, "because these immigrants come from a continent that is often cast in an unfavorable light in the U.S. media, there is a tendency for many Americans to miss the vital contribution of these immigrants to meeting critical U.S. [[Domestic worker|domestic labor]] needs, enhancing American global economic and technological competitiveness."<ref name=AfricanImmigrantSuccess4/>

====Education====
In the 2000 U.S. census, it was revealed that African immigrants were the most educated immigrant group in the United States even when compared to Asian immigrants.<ref name=AfricanEducated1>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2999156 | issue=26 | title=African Immigrants in the United States are the Nation's Most Highly Educated Group | year=1999 | journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education | pages=60–61 | jstor=2999156 }}</ref><ref name=BlackAfricanMigration2>{{cite web|title=Black African Migration to the United States|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/africanmigrationus.pdf|publisher=Migrationpolicy.org|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> Some 48.9% of all African immigrants hold a college diploma.<ref name=AfricanEducated1/><ref>{{cite web|title=Something You Should Know About African Immigrants in the US . ... Pass It On| date=7 January 2009| url=http://minneafrica.wordpress.com/2009/01/07/something-you-should-know-about-african-immigrants-in-the-us-pass-it-on/|publisher=Minneafrica.wordpress.com|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref> This is more than double the rate of native-born [[white Americans]], and nearly four times the rate of native-born African Americans. According to the [[2000 United States Census|2000 Census]], the rate of college diploma acquisition is highest among [[Egyptian Americans]] at 59.7%, followed closely by [[Nigerian Americans]] at 58.6%.<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-nigeria.pdf |title=Table FBP-1: Profile of Selected Demographic and Social Characteristics: People born in Nigeria: 2000 |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/STP-159-egypt.pdf |title=Table FBP-1: Profile of Selected Demographics and Social Characteristics: People born in Egypt: 2000 |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=24 February 2015}}</ref>

In 1997, 19.4% of all adult African immigrants in the United States held a graduate degree, compared to 8.1% of adult white Americans and 3.8% of adult Black Americans in the United States.<ref name=AfricanEducated1 /> According to the 2000 Census, the percentage of Africans with a [[Postgraduate education|graduate degree]] is highest among Nigerian Americans at 28.3%, followed by Egyptian Americans at 23.8%.<ref name="census.gov"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Of the African-born population in the United States age 25 and older, 87.9% reported having a [[high school]] [[academic degree|degree]] or higher,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asian-nation.org/immigrant-stats.shtml |title=Demographics and Statistics of Immigrants: Asian-Nation: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues |publisher=Asian-Nation |access-date=2010-11-08}}</ref> compared with 78.8% of [[Asian people|Asian]]-born [[immigrants]] and 76.8% of [[European ethnic groups|European]]-born [[immigrants]], respectively.<ref>Characteristics of the African Born in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. January, 2006</ref> This success comes in spite of facts such as that more than 75% of the African [[Foreign born|foreign-born]] in the United States have only arrived since the 1990s and that African immigrants make up a disproportionately small percentage of immigrants coming to the United States such as in 2007 alone African immigrants made up only 3.7% of all immigrants in coming to the United States and again in 2009 they made up only 3.9% of all immigrants making this group a fairly recent to the United States diversity.<ref name="AfricanMigration5">{{cite web|title=Migration African Immigrants|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/USfocus/display.cfm?ID=719|publisher=Migrationinformation.org|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="AfricanMigrants6">{{cite web|title=Migration Information African Immigrants|url=http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=847|publisher=Migrationinformation.org|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

Of the 8% of students at [[Ivy League]] schools that are Black, a majority, about 50–66%, was made up of Black African immigrants, Caribbean immigrants, and American born to those immigrants.<ref name="BlackModelMinority3" /><ref name="BlackInvisibleModel4" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/24/us/top-colleges-take-more-blacks-but-which-ones.html|access-date=26 Jun 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 24, 2004|title=Top Colleges Take More Blacks, but Which Ones?|first1=Sara|last1=Rimer|first2=Karen W.|last2=Arenson }}</ref> Many top universities report that a disproportionate of the Black student population consists of recent immigrants, their children, or were mixed race.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/education/article/Shades-of-gray-in-black-enrollment-Immigrants-2728709.php |title=Shades of gray in black enrollment: Immigrants' rising numbers a concern to some activists |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=February 22, 2005 |first=Jason B. |last=Johnson }}</ref>

====Socioeconomics====
The overrepresentation of the highly skilled can be seen in the relatively high share of Black African immigrants with at least a four-year college degree. In 2007, 27 percent of the U.S. population aged 25 and older had a four-year degree or more; 10% had a master's, doctorate, or professional degree. Immigrants from several Anglophone African countries were among the best educated: a majority of Black Immigrants from Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe had at least a four-year degree. Immigrants from Egypt, where the official language is Arabic, were also among the best educated.<ref name=BlackAfricanMigration2/> The overrepresentation of the highly skilled among U.S. immigrants is particularly striking for several of
Africa's largest source countries. The United States was the destination for 59% of Nigeria's highly skilled immigrants along with 47% of those from Ghana and 29% from Kenya.<ref name=BlackAfricanMigration2/>

The average annual personal income of African immigrants is about $26,000, nearly $2,000 more than that of workers born in the U.S. This might be because 71% of the Africans 16 years and older are working, compared to 64% of Americans. This is believed to be due larger percentage of African immigrants have higher educational qualifications than Americans, which results in higher per capita incomes for African immigrants and Americans born to African immigrants.<ref name=AfricanImmigrantSuccess4/>

Outside of educational success, specific groups have found economic success and have made many contributions to American society. For example, recent statistics indicate that [[Ugandan American]]s have become one of the country's biggest contributors to the economy, their contribution, amounting to US$1 billion in annual remittances which are disproportionately large contributions despite a community and population of less than 13,000.<ref>{{cite news|author=Olivia Miller|date=November 26, 2008|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Sr-Z/Ugandan-Americans.html|title=Everyculture:A Countries and Their Cultures: Ugandan Americans|publisher= Everyculture: Countries and their cultures|access-date= May 25, 2010 <!--to 23:00-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2015|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=30 November 2012}}</ref> African immigrants like many other immigrant groups are likely to establish and find success in small businesses. Many Africans that have seen the social and economic stability that comes from [[ethnic enclaves]] such as [[Chinatowns]] have recently been establishing ethnic enclaves of their own at much higher rates to reap the benefits of such communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=African immigrants hope for a Chicago community of their own|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/01/14/african-immigrants-hope-for-a-chicago-community-of-their-own/|access-date=14 July 2013 | work=Chicago Tribune|date=14 January 2013}}</ref> Examples of such ethnic enclaves include [[Little Ethiopia, Los Angeles|Little Ethiopia]] in Los Angeles and [[Le Petit Senegal]] in New York City.

Demographically, African Immigrants and Americans born of African immigrants tend to typically congregate in [[urban area]]s, moving to [[suburban area]]s over the next few generations as they try to acquire economic and social stability. They are also one of America's least likely groups to live in [[Racial segregation|racially segregated]] areas.<ref>[http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/black-diversity07.htm]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321002325/http://mumford1.dyndns.org/cen2000/BlackWhite/BlackDiversityReport/black-diversity07.htm|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref> African Immigrants and Americans born of African immigrants have been reported as having some of the lowest crime rates in the United States and being one of the unlikeliest groups to go into or commit crime. African immigrants have even been reported to have lowered crime rates in neighborhoods in which they have moved into.<ref>{{cite web|title=Immigration Reduces Crime Rates|date=18 March 2008|url=http://www.livescience.com/4872-immigration-reduces-crime-rates.html|publisher=Livescience.com|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

Black immigrants from Black majority countries are, upon their arrival, revealed to be much healthier than Black people from countries that are not majority Black and where they constitute a minority. Thus, African immigrants are, after arriving, often much healthier than American-born Black people and Black immigrants from Europe, though there is some evidence that as they settle, their health declines to the levels of their native counterparts, suggesting racial discrimination may be a factor in poor health for these communities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black immigrants from Africa arrive healthier than those from Europe, suggesting racial discrimination harms health|url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/7446|publisher=Universityofcalifornia.edu|access-date=15 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420000605/http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/7446|archive-date=20 April 2013}}</ref>

====Cultural factors====
Cultural factors have been proposed as an explanation for the success of African immigrants. For example, it is claimed they often integrate into American society more successfully and at higher rates than other immigrants groups due to social factors. One being that many African immigrants have strong English skills even before entering the U.S., many African nations, particularly former [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nations, use English as a [[lingua franca]].<ref name=BlackAfricanMigration2/> Because of this, many African immigrants to the U.S. are bilingual. Overall, 70% of Black African immigrants either speak English as their primary language or speak another language but are also fluent in English. Compare this to 48% ''proficiency'' in English for other immigrant groups.

Kefa M. Otiso has proposed another reason for the success of African immigrants, saying that they have a "high work ethic, focus and a drive to succeed that is honed and crafted by the fact that there are limited socioeconomic opportunities in their native African countries," says Otiso.<ref name=AfricanImmigrantSuccess4>{{cite web|title=Study Examines Success of African Immigrans|url=http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/mc/news/2008/news48744.html|publisher=Bgsu.edu|access-date=14 July 2013}}</ref>

====Selective immigration====
Another possible cause of the higher performance of African immigrants as a group is that they represent a small population in America so those who are chosen to come here often come from a selective group of [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African people]]. The relative difficulty of emigrating and immigrating into the United States has created a selective nature of the process with the U.S. often choosing the wealthier and more educated out of those with less resources, motivation or ability to immigrate.<ref name=BlackAfricanMigration2/>

====Americans born to African immigrants====

This pushing of second generation African immigrants by their parents has proven to be the key factor in their success, and a combination of family support and the emphasis of family unit has given these citizens social and psychological stability which makes them strive even further for success in many aspects of their daily life and society.<ref name=AfricanAchieversUS7>{{cite web|title=Africans highest achievers in U.S. universities | date=15 December 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfZXZWF_kO8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/hfZXZWF_kO8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=Youtube.com|access-date=14 July 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Many of these American groups have thus transplanted high cultural emphasis on education and work ethic into their cultures which can be seen in the cultures<ref name=AfricanAchieversUS7/> of [[Algerian Americans]], [[Kenyan Americans]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Ha-La/Kenyan-Americans.html |title=Kenyan Americans – History, Modern era, Significant immigration waves, Acculturation and Assimilation |publisher=Everyculture.com |access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref> [[Sierra Leonean American]]s,<ref>{{cite web |author=Francesca Hampton |year=2010 |url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Sierra-Leonean-Americans.html |title=Sierra Leonean Americans |website=Countries and Their Cultures }}</ref> [[Ghanaian Americans]], [[Malawian American]]s,<ref>Dixon, D. (2006). Characteristics of the African Born in the United States. Migration Policy Institute. January, 2006</ref> [[Congolese American]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.congovision.com/nouvelles2/ccc-manseka1.html |title=L'intégration des Congolais Immigrants aux USA |language=fr |trans-title=Integration of Congolese immigrants in USA |author=Bernard Manseka |access-date=September 1, 2012}}</ref> [[Tanzanian American]]s, and especially [[Nigerian Americans]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Aziz |first=Naeesa |title=Survey: Nigerians Most Educated in the U.S. |url=https://www.bet.com/article/w9hwjf/survey-nigerians-most-educated-in-the-u-s |publisher=BET |access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref> and [[Egyptian Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Du-Ha/Egyptian-Americans.html |title=Egyptian Americans – History, Significant immigration waves, Acculturation and Assimilation, Cuisine, Traditional clothing |publisher=Everyculture.com |access-date=2015-02-24}}</ref> Though this fails to explain why poverty, corruption, violence, ethnic conflict, and generally poor socioeconomic conditions continue to plague African nations such as Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/5/4/forty-percent-of-nigerians-live-below-the-poverty-line-report |title=Forty percent of Nigerians live below the poverty line |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=May 4, 2020 |website=Aljazeera.com |publisher=AlJazeera |access-date=November 4, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigerian-kidnappings-reach-crisis-point/a-56818981 |title=Nigerian kidnappings reach crisis point |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=July 6, 2021 |website=dw.com |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=November 4, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/boko-haram-violence-displaces-14-million-children-nigeria-and-beyond-%E2%80%93-unicef |title=Boko Haram violence displaces 1.4 million children in Nigeria and beyond |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=UN.org |publisher=United Nations |access-date=November 4, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/26/this-little-known-conflict-in-nigeria-is-now-deadlier-than-boko-haram/ |title=This little-known conflict in Nigeria is now deadlier than Boko Haram |last=O'Grady |first=Siobhán |date=July 26, 2021 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=November 4, 2021 |quote=}}</ref>