Editing Muhammad ibn al-Qasim (section)

==Death==
Al-Hajjaj died in 714, followed a year later by Caliph al-Walid I, who was succeeded by his brother [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik|Sulayman]]. The latter took revenge against the generals and officials who had been close to al-Hajjaj. Sulayman owed political support to al-Hajjaj's opponents and so recalled both of al-Hajjaj's successful generals [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]], the conqueror of [[Transoxiana]] (Central Asia), and Muhammad. He also appointed the son of the distinguished general [[al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]], [[Yazid ibn al-Muhallab|Yazid]], who was once imprisoned and tortured by al-Hajjaj, as the governor of Fars, Kirman, Makran, and Sind; he immediately placed Muhammad in chains.<ref>{{harvnb|Wink|2002|p=53}}</ref>

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim died on 18 July 715 in [[Mosul]] which is a part of the modern-day Iraq. Some sources say that his body was transferred to [[Makran]] in [[Balochistan]] at the [[Hingol National Park]] which is part of modern-day Pakistan.

There are two different accounts regarding the details of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim's fate:

* According to [[al-Baladhuri]] Muhammad was killed due to a family feud with the governor of Iraq. Sulayman was hostile toward Muhammad because apparently, he had followed the order of Hajjaj to declare Sulayman's right of succession void in all territories conquered by him. When Muhammad received the news of the death of al-Hajjaj he returned to Aror. Muhammad was later arrested under the orders of the Caliph by the replacement governor of Sindh, [[Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki]], who worked under the new military governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, and the new fiscal governor, the ''mawla'' [[Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman]]. Salih, whose brother was executed by al-Hajjaj, tortured Muhammad and his relatives to death. The account of his death by al-Baladhuri is brief compared to the one in the ''Chach Nama''.<ref name="Gier"/><ref name="keay185"/><ref>{{harvnb|Wink|2002|pp=207–}}</ref>
* The ''Chach Nama'' narrates a tale in which Muhammad's demise is attributed to the daughters of  Raja Dahir of Aror (Sind), [[Surya Devi]] and Parimal Devi, who had been taken captive during the campaign. Upon capture their mother had been made a slave of ibn Qasim himself,<ref>End of ‘Imad-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Qasim. The Arab Conqueror of Sind by S.M. Jaffar   - Quarterly Islamic Culture, Hyderabad Deccan, Vol.19 Jan 1945</ref>  while the two sisters had been sent on as presents to the Caliph for his [[harem]] in the capital [[Baghdad]] (however Baghdad had not yet been built and the actual capital was Damascus). The account relates that they then tricked the Caliph into believing that ibn Qasim had violated them before sending them on and as a result of this subterfuge, ibn Qasim was wrapped and stitched in oxen hides,<ref>Pakistan, the cultural heritage by Aḥmad Shujāʻ Pāshā Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1998, Page 43</ref> and sent to Syria, which resulted in his death en route from suffocation.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|last1=Balouch|first1=Akhtar|title=Muhammad Bin Qasim: Predator or preacher?|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1098562|access-date=31 March 2021|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=8 April 2014}}</ref> This narrative attributes their motive for this subterfuge to securing vengeance for their father's death. Upon discovering this subterfuge, the Caliph is recorded to have been filled with remorse and ordered the sisters buried alive in a wall.<ref name="chachnama" /><ref name="keay185">Keay, pg. 185</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC&pg=PA32|title= Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century|author= Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi|publisher= Primus Books|year= 2010|page= 32|isbn= 9788190891806}}</ref>