Editing Musket (section)

====Korea====
[[File:Matchlock and Culverin displayed in Unhyeon Palace.jpg|thumb|Large Korean Jochong (Matchlock Musket) in [[Unhyeongung|Unhyeon Palace]] with Korean cannon [[Hongyipao]] (Culverin)]]

In Korea, the [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]] underwent a devastating war with the newly unified Japan that lasted from 1592 to 1598. The shock of this encounter spurred the court to undergo a process of military strengthening. One of the core elements of military strengthening was to adopt the musket. According to reformers, "In recent times in China they did not have muskets; they first learned about them from the Wokou pirates in Zhejiang Province. Qi Jiguang trained troops in their use for several years until they [muskets] became one of the skills of the Chinese, who subsequently used them to defeat the Japanese."{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=183}} By 1607 Korean musketeers had been trained in the fashion which Qi Jiguang prescribed, and a drill manual had been produced based on the Chinese leader's ''Jixiao Xinshu''. Of the volley fire, the manual says that "every musketeer squad should either divide into two musketeers per layer or one and deliver fire in five volleys or in ten."{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=183}} Another Korean manual produced in 1649 describes a similar process: "When the enemy approaches to within a hundred paces, a signal gun is fired and a conch is blown, at which the soldiers stand. Then a gong is sounded, the conch stops blowing, and the heavenly swan [a double-reed horn] is sounded, at which the musketeers fire in concert, either all at once or in five volleys (齊放一次盡擧或分五擧)."{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=183}} This training method proved to be quite formidable in the 1619 [[Battle of Sarhu]], in which 10,000 Korean musketeers managed to kill many Manchus before their allies surrendered. While Korea went on to lose both wars against the Manchu invasions of [[Later Jin invasion of Joseon|1627]] and [[Qing invasion of Joseon|1636]], their musketeers were well respected by Manchu leaders. It was the first Qing emperor [[Hong Taiji]] who wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting, especially in musketeer tactics."{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=186}}

Afterwards, the [[Qing dynasty]] requested Joseon to aid in their border conflict with Russia. In 1654, 370 Russians engaged a 1,000-man Qing-Joseon force at the mouth of the [[Songhua River]] and were defeated by Joseon musketeers.{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=193}} In 1658, five hundred Russians engaged a 1,400-strong Qing-Joseon force and were defeated again by Joseon musketeers.{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=193-194}} Under the Three Branch System, similar to the Spanish [[Tercio]], Joseon organized their army under firearm troops (artillery and musketeers), archers, and pikemen or swordsmen. The percentage of firearms in the Joseon army rose dramatically as a result of the shorter training period for firearms. In addition, the sulphur mines discovered in Jinsan reduced the expense of producing gunpowder. Under the reign of [[Sukjong of Joseon]] (1700s), 76.4% of the local standing army in [[Chungcheong]] were musketeers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/url.jsp?id=ksa_13012028_003 |title=조선왕조실록 |language=ko|website=Sillok.history.go.kr |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> Under the reign of King [[Yeongjo]], Yoon Pil-Un, Commander of the Sua-chung, improved on firearms with the Chunbochong (천보총), which had a greater range of fire than the existing ones. Its usage is thought to have been similar to the Afghan [[jezail]] or American [[long rifle]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/url.jsp?id=kua_10509012_005 |title=조선왕조실록 |language=ko|website=Sillok.history.go.kr |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/url.jsp?id=kua_10509013_002 |title=조선왕조실록 |language=ko|website=Sillok.history.go.kr |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>