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Nebulizer
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==History== [[Image:Sales-Girons (1858).jpg|thumb|left|160px|Sales-Girons pressurized nebulizer from 1858]] The first "powered" or pressurized inhaler was invented in France by Sales-Girons in 1858.<ref name="inhalation therapy"/> This device used pressure to atomize the liquid medication. The pump handle is operated like a bicycle pump. When the pump is pulled up, it draws liquid from the reservoir, and upon the force of the user's hand, the liquid is pressurized through an atomizer, to be sprayed out for inhalation near the user's mouth.<ref name="Sales-Girons">{{cite web|url=http://www.inhalatorium.com/page148.html|author=Inhalatorium|title=Pressurized inhaler invented by Sales-Girons|access-date=2010-04-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103081752/http://www.inhalatorium.com/page148.html|archive-date=2013-01-03}}</ref> In 1864, the first steam-driven nebulizer was invented in Germany. This inhaler, known as "Siegle's steam spray inhaler", used the [[Venturi principle]] to atomize liquid medication, and this was the very beginning of nebulizer therapy. The importance of droplet size was not yet understood, so the efficacy of this first device was unfortunately mediocre for many of the medical compounds. The Siegle steam spray inhaler consisted of a spirit burner, which boiled water in the reservoir into steam that could then flow across the top and into a tube suspended in the pharmaceutical solution. The passage of steam drew the medicine into the vapor, and the patient inhaled this vapor through a mouthpiece made of glass.<ref name="Siegle">{{cite web|url=http://www.inhalatorium.com/page113.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826141841/http://www.inhalatorium.com/page113.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-08-26|author=Inhalatorium|title=Siegle's steam spray inhaler|access-date=2010-04-05}}</ref> [[File:Siegel inhaler antiseptic steam device.jpg|thumb|Dr Siegle's steam nebulizer, [[Thackray Museum of Medicine]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=320404 {{!}} Collections Online |url=https://collections.thackraymuseum.co.uk/object-320404 |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=collections.thackraymuseum.co.uk}}</ref>]] The first pneumatic nebulizer fed from an electrically driven gas (air) compressor was invented in the 1930s and called a Pneumostat. With this device, a medical liquid (typically [[epinephrine (medication)|epinephrine chloride]], used as a bronchial muscle relaxant to reverse constriction).<ref name="Pneumostat">{{cite web|url=http://www.inhalatorium.com/page131.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217025652/http://inhalatorium.com/page131.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-02-17|author=Inhalatorium|title=First electrical nebulizer (Pneumostat)|access-date=2010-04-05}}</ref> As an alternative to the expensive electrical nebulizer, many people in the 1930s continued to use the much more simple and cheap hand-driven nebulizer, known as the Parke-Davis Glaseptic.<ref name="Parke-Davis">{{cite web|url=http://www.inhalatorium.com/page90.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040906132942/http://www.inhalatorium.com/page90.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-09-06|author=Inhalatorium|title=The hand driven nebulizer "Parke-Davis Glaseptic|access-date=2010-04-05}}</ref> In 1956, a technology competing against the nebulizer was launched by Riker Laboratories ([[3M]]), in the form of pressurized [[metered-dose inhaler]]s, with Medihaler-iso ([[isoprenaline]]) and Medihaler-epi ([[epinephrine (medication)|epinephrine]]) as the two first products.<ref name="pMDI patent">{{cite web |url= http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=830426A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19600316&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP |author=Riker Laboratories |title=Self-propelling pharmaceutical compositions (for a pMDI)|work=GB patent |orig-year=1956-03-21 |date=1960-03-16 |access-date=24 Jan 2016}}</ref> In these devices, the drug is cold-fill and delivered in exact doses through some special metering valves, driven by a gas propellant technology (i.e. [[Freon]] or a less environmentally damaging HFA).<ref name="inhalation therapy">{{cite journal |author=Sanders M |title=Inhalation therapy: an historical review |journal=Prim Care Respir J |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=71β81 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17356785 |pmc=6634187 |doi=10.3132/pcrj.2007.00017 |url=http://www.thepcrj.org/journ/vol16/16_2_71_81.pdf }}</ref> In 1964, a new type of electronic nebulizer was introduced: the "ultrasonic wave nebulizer".<ref name="Ultrasonic nebulizer patent">{{cite web |url= http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=1069048A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19670517&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_V3 |author=Devilbiss Co. |title=Method and apparatus for producing aerosols (ultrasonic nebulizer)|work=GB patent |orig-year=1964-02-10 |date=1967-05-17 |access-date=24 Jan 2016}}</ref> Today the nebulizing technology is not only used for medical purposes. Ultrasonic wave nebulizers are also used in [[humidifier]]s, to spray out water aerosols to moisten dry air in buildings.<ref name="Ultrasonic humidifier"/> Some of the first models of [[electronic cigarette]]s featured an ultrasonic wave nebulizer (having a [[piezoelectric]] element vibrating and creating high-frequency [[ultrasound]] waves, to cause vibration and atomization of liquid [[nicotine]]) in combination with a [[Humidifier|vapouriser]] (built as a [[spray nozzle]] with an electric [[heating element]]).<ref name="Electronic cigarette patent 2004">{{cite web|url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=1736065A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=20061227&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_V3|author=Hon Lik|title=An aerosol electronic cigarette|work=CN patent|date=2004-04-14|access-date=2006-12-27}}</ref> The most common type of electronic cigarettes currently sold, however, omit the ultrasonic wave nebulizer, as it was not found to be efficient enough for this kind of device. Instead, the electronic cigarettes now use an electric vaporizer, either in direct contact with the absorbent material in the "impregnated atomizer," or in combination with the nebulization technology related to a "spraying jet atomizer" (in the form of liquid droplets being out-sprayed by a high-speed air stream, that passes through some small venturi injection channels, drilled in a material absorbed with nicotine liquid).<ref name="Electronic cigarette patent 2006">{{cite web|url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=2022350A1&KC=A1&FT=D&date=20090211&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_V3|author=Hon Lik|title=Emulation aerosol sucker|work=CN patent|date=2006-05-16|access-date=2009-02-11}}</ref>
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