Editing Pakistan Movement (section)

===Baluchistan===
[[File:Swaraaj-bugti jinnah.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jinnah meeting with Baluchistan's leaders.]]During British rule in India, [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Baluchistan]] was under the rule of a Chief Commissioner and did not have the same status as other provinces of British India. The Muslim League in the period 1927-1947 strived under Jinnah to introduce reforms in Baluchistan to bring it on par with other provinces of British India. Apart from the pro-partition Muslim League that was led by [[Qazi Muhammad Isa]], "three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics", such as the [[Anjuman-i-Watan Baluchistan]], which favoured a united India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Afzal |first1=M. Rafique |title=Pakistan: History and Politics 1947-1971 |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=40 |isbn=978-0-19-579634-6 |quote=Besides the Balochistan Muslim League, three pro-Congress parties were still active in Balochistan's politics: the Anjuman-i Watan, the Jamiatul Ulama u Hind, and the Qalat State National Party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=Partition of India: Postcolonial Legacies |date=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429750526 |language=en|quote=Furthermore, Congress leadership of Balochistan was united and there was no disagreement over its president, Samad Khan Achakzai. On the other hand, Qazi Isa was the president of the League in Balochistan. Surprisingly, he was neither a Balochi nor a Sardar. Consequently, all Sardars except Jaffar Khan Jamali, were against Qazi Isa for contesting this seat.}}</ref>

In British-ruled Colonial India, Baluchistan contained a [[Balochistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's province]] and [[princely state]]s (including [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] and [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]) that became a part of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasnat |first=Syed Farooq |year=2011 |title=Global Security Watch–Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-34697-2 |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=30 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730172155/https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |url-status=live }}</ref> The instrument of referendum was applied in [[Chagai District|Chaghi]] to [[Zhob District|Zhob]] (in northern Balochistan), to determine the will of the people which resulted in a victory for the Muslim League.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chawla |first=Muhammad Iqbal |title=Mountbatten and Balochistan: An Appraisal |date=2014 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158478 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=75 |pages=928–957 |jstor=44158478 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> The province's Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality, agreed to join Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947;<ref name="CheemaRiemer1990">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58|author1=Pervaiz I Cheema|author2=Manuel Riemer|date=22 August 1990|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-20942-2|pages=60–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122104910/https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|url-status=live}}</ref> however, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote.<ref name="sheikh">{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Salman Rafi |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977 |date=2018 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref> According to Rafi Sheikh, the then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."<ref name="sheikh"/> Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan".<ref name="sheikh"/> This has brought into question whether a vote took place in the princely Kalat state, the consensus of which remains disputed.<ref name="sheikh"/>

The pro-India Congress, which drew support from Hindus and some Muslims, sensing that geographic and demographic compulsions would not allow the province's inclusion into the newly Independent India, began to encourage separatist elements in Balochistan, and other Muslim majority provinces such as NWFP.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Iqbal |date=July–December 2012 |title=Prelude to the Accession of the Kalat State to Pakistan in 1948: An Appraisal |url=https://www.academia.edu/13372388 |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=85 |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914170710/https://www.academia.edu/13372388 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kalat finally acceded to Pakistan on 27 March 1948 after the help of All India Radio and a period of negotiations and bureaucracy.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/the-princely-india/|title=The princely India|author=Yaqoob Khan Bangash|date=10 May 2015|newspaper=The News on Sunday|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225043014/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/the-princely-india/|archive-date=25 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Ahmad Yar Khan, led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/|title=Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat|author=Qaiser Butt|date=22 April 2013|newspaper=The Express Tribune|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222175413/http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/|url-status=live}}</ref> in July 1948.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last1=D. Long|first1=Roger|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-44820-4|page=82|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=10 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410235846/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|url-status=live}}</ref> Princes Agha Abdul Karim Baloch and Muhammad Rahim refused to lay down arms, leading the Dosht-e Jhalawan in unconventional attacks on the army until 1950.<ref name=":1" /> Though the Princes fought a lone battle without support from the rest of Baluchistan.<ref name="Siddiqi2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&pg=PA71|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Balochi, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements|author=Farhan Hanif Siddiqi|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-0-415-68614-3|pages=71–|access-date=8 January 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122104911/https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&pg=PA71|url-status=live}}</ref>