Editing Photograph manipulation (section)

== "Photoshop" as a verb ==
<!--[[Adobe Photoshop#Cultural impact]] links to this section via {{further}}. If the title of this section is changed, please also change it there.-->
{{see also|Image editing|Digital photograph restoration}}
The terms "Photoshop", "photoshopped" and "photoshopping", derived from [[Adobe Photoshop]], are ubiquitous and widely used colloquially and academically when referencing image editing software as it relates to digital manipulation and alteration of photographs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.macworld.com/2000/08/bc/28photoshop/ |title=Photoshop: It's Not Just a Program Anymore |work=[[Macworld]] |date=August 1, 2000 |last=Blatner |first=David |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315125811/http://www.macworld.com/2000/08/bc/28photoshop/ |archive-date=March 15, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Photoshop Essentials |chapter-url=http://safari.adobepress.com/0321336585/ch02 |title=Graphic Design Portfolio-Builder: Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator Projects |publisher=Peachpit Press |date=August 15, 2005 |isbn=978-0-321-33658-3}}</ref> The term commonly refers to digital editing of photographs regardless of which software program is used.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9RF1eCK3ccC&pg=PT127 |title=Computer Graphic Artist |publisher=Netlibrary |last=Rodriguez |first=Edward |year=2008 |page=163 |isbn=978-81-89940-42-3 |quote=The term photoshopping is a neologism, meaning "editing an image", regardless of the program used.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIl5hit-RywC&q=photoshopping+intitle:Undead+intitle:Theories+intitle:Constructivism&pg=PA146 |title=Undead Theories: Constructivism, Eclecticism, And Research in Education |publisher=Sense Publisher |last=Geelan |first=David |year=2006 |page=146 |isbn=90-77874-31-3 |quote=And with digital photography, there is also the possibility of photoshopping – digitally editing the representation to make it more aesthetically pleasing, or to change decisions about framing.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QqrCPzDnxAC&q=photoshopping+shopping&pg=PA382 |title=Medical Records for Attorneys |publisher=ALI-ABA |author=Laurence M. Deutsch |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8318-0817-4}}</ref>

Trademark owner [[Adobe Inc.]] object to what they refer to as misuse of their trademarked software name, and consider it an infringement on their trademark to use terms such as "photoshopped" or "photoshopping" as a noun or verb, in possessive form or as a slang term,<ref name="AS-PR">{{cite press release |url=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressmaterials/pdfs/photoshop_guidelines_pr.pdf |title=Use Of The Photoshop Trademark |publisher=Adobe Systems Incorporated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509075144/https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pressmaterials/pdfs/photoshop_guidelines_pr.pdf |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> to prevent "[[generic trademark|genericization]]"<ref name="io9">{{cite web |url=http://io9.gizmodo.com/here-is-adobes-attempt-to-stop-people-from-using-the-te-1726724005 |title=Here Is Adobe's Attempt to Stop People From Using the Term "Photoshop" All Willy-Nilly |publisher=Gawker Media |date=August 26, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2016 |author=Katharine Trendacosta}}</ref> or "genericide" of the company's trademark.<ref name="BIPLJ">{{cite journal |author=John Dwight Ingram |year=2004 |title=The Genericide of Trademarks |url=http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/biplj/biplj223.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Buffalo Intellectual Property Law Journal |publisher=State University of New York |volume=2 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001336/http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/biplj/biplj223.pdf |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=February 2, 2016 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Separately, the [[Free Software Foundation]] advises against using "photoshop" as a verb because Adobe Photoshop is [[proprietary software]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html#Photoshop |title=Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing: 'Photoshop' |last=Stallman |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Stallman |date=April 21, 2018 |website=[[GNU Project]] |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528175100/https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.en.html#Photoshop |archive-date=May 28, 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=May 28, 2018 |quote=Please avoid using the term 'photoshop' as a verb, meaning any kind of photo manipulation or image editing in general. Photoshop is just the name of one particular image editing program, which should be avoided since it is proprietary. There are plenty of free programs for editing images, such as [[GIMP]] [original quote links to GIMP website].}}</ref>

In popular culture, the term ''photoshopping'' is sometimes associated with [[Photomontage|montages]] in the form of visual jokes, such as those published on [[Fark]] and in ''[[Mad (magazine)|Mad]]'' magazine. Images may be propagated [[Internet meme|memetically]] via e-mail as humor or passed as actual news in a form of [[hoax]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/11/48342 |title=Photoshop: It's All the Rage |magazine=Wired Magazine |date=November 19, 2001 |author=Jenn Shreve}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.salon.com/ent/feature/2004/07/01/photoshop/index_np.html |title=The Photoshopping of the President |work=Salon.com Arts & Entertainment |date=July 1, 2004 |author=Corrie Pikul |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310214607/http://archive.salon.com/ent/feature/2004/07/01/photoshop/index_np.html |archive-date=March 10, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> An example of the latter category is "[[Helicopter Shark]]", which was widely circulated as a so-called "''National Geographic'' Photo of the Year" and was later revealed to be a hoax.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0815_020815_photooftheyear.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020820112120/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/08/0815_020815_photooftheyear.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 20, 2002 |title=Shark "Photo of the Year" Is E-Mail Hoax |work=[[National Geographic News]] |date=March 8, 2005 |access-date=May 20, 2006 |first1=Stentor |last1=Danielson |last2=Braun |first2=David}}</ref> [[Photoshop contest]]s are games organized online with the goal of creating humorous images around a theme.