Editing Power distance (section)

===In charitable behavior===
According to research, people from high power distance countries are generally less responsible towards charitable behaviors than people from low power distance countries.<ref name="Winterich">{{cite journal |last1=Winterich |first1=Karen Page |last2=Zhang |first2=Yinlong |title=Accepting Inequality Deters Responsibility: How Power Distance Decreases Charitable Behavior |journal=Journal of Consumer Research |date=1 August 2014 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=274–293 |doi=10.1086/675927 }}</ref> The explanation for this phenomenon is that the rooted perception and acceptance of inequality somehow dampens their sensitivity to any unfair or inappropriate situations, which they may consider as a normal social circumstance and simply accept it rather than making a change.<ref name="Cummings">{{Cite journal|author1=Cummings, William H. |author2=Venkatesan, M.  |name-list-style=amp |year=1976 |title=Cognitive Dissonance and Consumer Behavior: A Review of the Evidence |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |volume=13 |issue=3  |pages=303–308 |jstor=3150746 |doi=10.2307/3150746 }} republished from {{Cite book|author1=Cummings, William H. |author2=Venkatesan, M.  |name-list-style=amp |year=1975 |chapter=Cognitive Dissonance and Consumer Behavior: A Review of the Evidence |title=Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 2 |volume=NA-02 |editor=Schlinger, Mary Jane |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=Association for Consumer Research|pages=21–32 |chapter-url=http://www.acrwebsite.org/search/view-conference-proceedings.aspx?Id=5742 }}</ref><ref name="Festinger">{{cite journal |author1=Festinger Leon |author2=Carlsmith James M | year = 1959 | title = Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance | journal = Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 203–210 | doi=10.1037/h0041593|pmid=13640824 |citeseerx=10.1.1.497.2779 }}</ref> Cumulatively, the more inequality they accept, the less unconformity they will notice, and the less responsibilities they will eventually take. The consequence is high power distance enlarging the gap between human beings in terms of relations and wealth conditions. Conversely, people in low power distance countries are more sensitive towards any unequal phenomena, and their in-acceptance of dissonance endows them with a greater sense of responsibility for adjusting or correcting the problems in person.<ref name="Cummings" /><ref name="Festinger" />

====Influence of controllable/uncontrollable needs====
The types of needs influence people's charitable behavior regardless of their power distance backgrounds. The needs generated are classified into controllable and uncontrollable categories, where the occurrence of the former is due to a lack of effort, while the latter occurs from unforeseeable events such as natural disasters. The ability of whether individuals are able to control the situations affects how they will react to the rising needs.<ref name="Betancourt">{{Cite journal|last=Betancourt |first=Hector |year=1990 |title=An Attribution–Empathy Model of Helping Behavior: Behavioral Intentions and Judgments of Help-Giving |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=573–591|doi=10.1177/0146167290163015 |journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|s2cid=144925139 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Brickman, Philip |author2=Rabinowitz, Vita Carulli |author3=Karuza, Jurgis Jr |author4=Coates, Dan |author5=Cohn, Ellen |author6=Kidder, Louise  |name-list-style=amp |year=1982 |title=Models of Helping and Coping |journal=American Psychologist |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=368–384 |id={{ERIC|EJ262702}} |doi=10.1037/0003-066x.37.4.368}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Shaver, Kelly G. |year=1985 |title=The Attribution of Blame: Causality, Responsibility, and Blameworthiness |location=New York |publisher=Springer Verlag|isbn=978-0-387-96120-0}}</ref>

The level of power distance influences a society's reaction towards controllable needs. People with high power distance backgrounds perceive most of the issues as rightful inequality, and are reluctant to get themselves involved with "troubles", and usually ignore them. Conversely, low power distance societies are intolerant with unfairness and are more likely to make an effort in eliminating dissonance in every possibility.<ref name="Winterich" />

People tend to be more responsive and willing to assist when others suffer from uncontrollable circumstances. It is assumed that people consider that the aid for uncontrollable needs will not greatly change societal rightful inequality, and hence generous assistance and help will be offered to those in need regardless of power distance background.<ref name="Betancourt" /><ref name="Skitka">{{Cite journal|author1=Skitka, Linda J.|author2=Tetlock, Philip E.|year=1992|title=Allocating Scarce Resources: A Contingency Model of Distributive Justice|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|volume=28|issue=6|pages=491–522|doi=10.1016/0022-1031(92)90043-J|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Karasawa">{{Cite journal|author=Karasawa, Kaori |year=1991 |title=The Effects of Onset and Offset Responsibility on Affects and Helping Judgments |journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology |volume=21 |issue=6 |pages=482–499 |doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00532.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lerner Melvin J. |author2=Reavy Patricia | year = 1975 | title = Locus of Control, Perceived Responsibility for Prior Fate, and Helping Behavior | journal = Journal of Research in Personality | volume = 9 | issue = 1| pages = 1–20 | doi=10.1016/0092-6566(75)90029-x}}</ref> In such circumstances, a sense of duty is more likely to be raised, where people tend to undertake charitable behaviors.<ref name="Winterich" />

====Influence of communal/exchange relationship norms====
The relationship norms behind the needs also affect the sense of responsibility. The types of relationships are mainly classified as exchange relationships, in which people are expecting a reasonable privilege or benefit in return for offering aid; and communal relationships, where those giving assistance are wholeheartedly and generously taking care of those in need without any expectation of reciprocation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Aggarwal Pankaj |author2=Law Sharmistha | year = 2005 | title = Role of Relationship Norms in Processing Brand Information | journal = Journal of Consumer Research | volume = 32 | issue = 3| pages = 453–64 | doi=10.1086/497557}}</ref><ref name="Clark">{{Cite journal|author1=Clark, Margaret S. |author2=Ouellette, Robert |author3=Powell, Martha C. |author4=Milberg, Sandra  |name-list-style=amp |year=1987 |title=Recipient's Mood, Relationship Type, and Helping |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=94–103 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.94 |pmid=3612495 }}</ref> According to research, people are more likely to refuse to aid when encountering needs associated with exchange relationships rather than needs with communal relationships.<ref name="Winterich" /><ref name="Clark" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brockner |first1=Joel |last2=Paruchuri |first2=Srikanth |last3=Idson |first3=Lorraine Chen |last4=Higgins |first4=E.Tory |title=Regulatory Focus and the Probability Estimates of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Events |journal=Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes |date=January 2002 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=5–24 |doi=10.1006/obhd.2000.2938 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Johnson, Jennifer Wiggins  |author2=Grimm, Pamela E.  |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Communal and Exchange Relationship Perceptions as Separate Constructs and Their Role in Motivations to Donate |journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=282–294 |doi=10.1016/j.jcps.2010.06.018}}</ref> As such, Karen Page Winterich and Yinlong Zhang recommended that charitable organizations in high power distance countries should stress the significance of uncontrollable needs or salient communal relationship norms, through which the populace are more easily motivated to make a difference on social inequality.<ref name="Winterich" />