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Problem gambling
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===Pharmaceutical treatments=== {{Main|Addiction#Medication}}Numerous pharmaceutical approaches to treating gambling addiction have been suggested including antidepressants, atypical antipsychotic agents, mood stabilizers, and opioid antagonists, however the best approach for treatment, treatment regime including dosage and timing is not clear.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Dowling |first1=Nicki |last2=Merkouris |first2=Stephanie |last3=Lubman |first3=Dan |last4=Thomas |first4=Shane |last5=Bowden-Jones |first5=Henrietta |last6=Cowlishaw |first6=Sean |date=2022-09-22 |title=Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of disordered and problem gambling |url= |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=9 |pages=CD008936 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008936.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=9492444 |pmid=36130734}}</ref> There is some evidence to suggest that opioid antagonists, for example, [[naltrexone]] or [[nalmefene]], and [[atypical antipsychotic]]s such as [[olanzapine]], may help reduce the severity of gambling symptoms in the short-term, however it is not clear if these medications are effective at improving other psychological symptoms associated with this disorder or for longer term symptom relief from problem gambling.<ref name=":0" /> The evidence suggesting the effectiveness of mood stabilizers is not clear.<ref name=":0" /><!-- This section was moved from "Biology" because it closely describes pharmaceutical outcomes --> A series of anti-depressant studies were conducted to determine their efficacy in treating problematic gambling. These studies produced three critical findings:<ref name="grant2006" /> # Antidepressants can reduce pathological gambling when there is an effect on serotonergic reuptake inhibitors and 5-HT<sub>1</sub>/5-HT<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonists. # Pathological gambling, as part of obsessive–compulsive disorder, requires the higher doses of antidepressants as is usually required for depressive disorders. # In cases where participants do not have or have minimal symptoms of anxiety or depression, antidepressants still have those effect.
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