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Proctor
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====Oxford University==== {{See also|Oxford University Police}} [[File:Oxford Proctor 1674.jpg|thumb|upright|1674 engraving of a Proctor in the [[University of Oxford]]. From ''Habitus Academicorum'', by George Edwards]] The Proctors of [[Oxford University]] are senior officers of the university who are responsible for enforcing University discipline and sanctions, for handling complaints against the university, and for conducting public [[Test (assessment)|examination]]s (often at the [[Examination Schools]]). They are elected annually by the [[colleges of Oxford University|colleges]]. Two Proctors are elected each year: a Senior and a Junior Proctor.<ref>[http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/proctors/ About the Proctors' Office], University of Oxford website</ref> The reform of the university statutes in 2002 reorganised the disciplinary system of the university and reduced the powers of the Proctors. However, they still act as [[ombudsman|ombudsmen]] for the university, and handle formal complaints by and against students (although more minor disciplinary matters are usually dealt with by the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of each college). They have the power to issue [[Fine (penalty)|fines]] to members of the university for numerous offences, including [[cheat]]ing in examinations.<ref>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2004-5/supps/1_4728.htm Oration by the Senior Proctor], Oxford University Gazette, 23 March 2005</ref> Prior to 2003, the Proctors were aided in disciplinary matters by the [[Oxford University Police]] (who wore [[bowler hat]]s and were generally known as "Bulldogs"); the University Police were a private constabulary with full powers of arrest within the precincts of the university and within four miles (6 km) of any University building.<ref name="kofk">p194-5, Bruce, Alastair and Calder, Julian, ''Keepers of the Kingdom'' (Cassell, 1987), {{ISBN|0-304-36201-8}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1999-00/weekly/230300/oration.htm Oration by the Senior Proctor], Oxford University Gazette, 23 March 2000</ref> However, after receiving public criticism in 2002 for their exercise of authority over citizens of Oxford who were not members of the university,<ref name="ot">[http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2002/05/22/6593799.University_police_branded__too_powerful_/?ref=arc University police branded 'too powerful'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101618/http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/archive/2002/05/22/6593799.University_police_branded__too_powerful_/?ref=arc |date=2 April 2015 }}, ''Oxford Times'', 22 May 2002</ref> the force was disbanded by the University Council in 2003, due partly to the excessive expense of complying with new Government requirements on police training and complaints procedures.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080528000052/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2002/10/15/dp1501.xml Straw rejoices as Oxford's Bulldogs are put down], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 15 October 2002</ref><ref name="gaz2">[http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2002-3/weekly/270303/notc.htm#1Ref Oration by the Senior Proctor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205042758/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2002-3/weekly/270303/notc.htm#1Ref |date=5 February 2012 }}, Oxford University Gazette, 27 March 2003</ref> Today, the Constables have been redesignated as "Proctors' Officers" and continue to serve under the Proctors, but no longer have the powers of police constables.
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