Editing Psychoanalysis (section)

===1900–1940s===
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In 1905, Freud published ''[[Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality]]'' in which he laid out his discovery of the [[Psychosexual development|''psychosexual phases'']], which categorised early childhood development into five stages depending on what sexual affinity a child possessed at the stage:<ref>Freud, Sigmund. 1955 [1905]. "[[Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality]]." ''[[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|Standard Editions]]'' 7, edited by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]].</ref>

* Oral (ages 0–2);
* Anal (2–4);
* Phallic-oedipal or First genital (3–6);
* Latency (6–puberty); and
* Mature genital (puberty onward).

[[File:Freud at Clark University in 1909.jpg|thumb|Group photograph of participants in the Psychology, Pedagogy and School Hygiene Conference at [[Clark University]] in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]] with Freud present, 6 September 1909.]]
His early formulation included the idea that because of societal restrictions, sexual wishes were repressed into an unconscious state, and that the energy of these unconscious wishes could be result in anxiety or physical symptoms. Early treatment techniques, including hypnotism and [[abreaction]], were designed to make the unconscious conscious in order to relieve the pressure and the apparently resulting symptoms. This method would later on be left aside by Freud, giving free association a bigger role.

In ''[[On Narcissism]]'' (1914), Freud turned his attention to the titular subject of [[narcissism]].<ref>Freud, Sigmund. 1955 [1914]. "[https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Freud_SE_On_Narcissism_complete.pdf On Narcissism]." Pp. 73–102 in [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 14, edited by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]]. – via [[University of Pennsylvania]].</ref> Freud characterized the difference between energy directed at the self versus energy directed at others using a system known as ''[[cathexis]]''. By 1917, in "[[Mourning and Melancholia]]", he suggested that certain depressions were caused by turning guilt-ridden anger on the self.<ref name="Freud 1917">Freud, Sigmund. 1955 [1917]. "[http://www.english.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Freud_MourningAndMelancholia.pdf Mourning and Melancholia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501002425/http://www.english.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Freud_MourningAndMelancholia.pdf |date=2015-05-01 }}." Pp. 243–58 in [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 17, edited by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]]. – via [[University of Pennsylvania]].

Also available via [https://web.archive.org/web/20150501002425/http://www.english.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Freud_MourningAndMelancholia.pdf Internet Archive].</ref> In 1919, through "A Child is Being Beaten", he began to address the problems of [[self-destructive behavior]] and [[Sadomasochism|sexual masochism]].<ref>Freud, Sigmund. 1955 [1919]. "[https://icpla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Freud-S.-Child-is-Being-Beaten%E2%80%99-A-Contribution-to-the-Study-of-the-Origin-of-Sexual-Perversions.pdf A Child is Being Beaten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806220225/https://icpla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Freud-S.-Child-is-Being-Beaten%E2%80%99-A-Contribution-to-the-Study-of-the-Origin-of-Sexual-Perversions.pdf |date=2020-08-06 }}." Pp. 175–204 in [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 17, edited by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]]. – via The Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis.</ref> Based on his experience with depressed and self-destructive patients, and pondering the carnage of [[World War I]], Freud became dissatisfied with considering only oral and sexual motivations for behavior. By 1920, Freud addressed the power of identification (with the leader and with other members) in groups as a motivation for behavior in ''[[Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego]]''.<ref>Freud, Sigmund. 1922 [1920]. "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego," translated by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. New York: [[Boni & Liveright]]. {{Hdl|2027/mdp.39015003802348}}.

— 1955 [1920]. "[http://freudians.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Freud_Group_Psychology.pdf Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108174249/http://freudians.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Freud_Group_Psychology.pdf |date=2021-01-08 }}." Pp. 65–144 in [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 18, translated by J. Strachey. London: [[Hogarth Press]].</ref><ref>"Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego" (review). ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' 3(2784):321. [[Nature Research|Nature Publishing Group]] 1923. {{doi|10.1038/111321d0}}. {{Bibcode|1923Natur.111T.321.}}.</ref> In that same year, Freud suggested his ''dual drive theory'' of sexuality and aggression in ''[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]'', to try to begin to explain human destructiveness. Also, it was the first appearance of his "structural theory" consisting of three new concepts [[Id, ego and super-ego|id, ego, and superego]].<ref>Freud, Sigmund. 1920. "[https://www.libraryofsocialscience.com/assets/pdf/freud_beyond_the_pleasure_principle.pdf Beyond the Pleasure Principle]," translated by C. J. M. Hubback. ''International Psycho-Analytic Library'' 4, edited by [[Ernest Jones|E. Jones]]. London: International Psycho-Analytic Press. – via Library of Social Science.

— 1955 [1920]. "[[Beyond the Pleasure Principle]]." In [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 18, translated by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]].</ref>

Three years later, in 1923, he summarised the ideas of id, ego, and superego in ''[[The Ego and the Id]]''.<ref name="Freud 1923">Freud, Sigmund. 1955 [1923]. "[[The Ego and the Id]]." In [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 19, edited by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]].

Lay summaries via [https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html Simply Psychology] and [https://daily.jstor.org/virtual-roundtable-on-the-ego-and-the-id/ JSTOR Daily Roundtable]. [https://www3.nd.edu/~dlapsle1/Lab/Articles%20&%20Chapters_files/Entry%20for%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Human%20Behavior%28finalized4%20Formatted%29.pdf Glossary] via University of Notre Dame.</ref> In the book, he revised the whole theory of mental functioning, now considering that repression was only one of many defense mechanisms, and that it occurred to reduce anxiety. Hence, Freud characterised repression as both a cause and a result of anxiety. In 1926, in "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", Freud characterised how intrapsychic conflict among drive and superego caused [[anxiety]], and how that anxiety could lead to an inhibition of mental functions, such as intellect and speech.<ref name="Freud 1926">Freud, Sigmund. 1955 [1926]. "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety." In [[The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud|''Standard Edition'']] 20, edited by [[James Strachey|J. Strachey]]. London: [[Hogarth Press]]. {{doi|10.1080/21674086.1936.11925270}}. {{S2CID|142804158}}.</ref> In 1924, [[Otto Rank]] published ''[[The Trauma of Birth]]'', which analysed culture and philosophy in relation to separation anxiety which occurred before the development of an [[Oedipus complex|Oedipal complex]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Mustafa, A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpWuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT378|title=Organisational Behaviour|date=2013|publisher=Global Professional Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-908287-36-6|via=Google Books}}</ref> Freud's theories, however, characterized no such phase. According to Freud, the Oedipus complex was at the centre of neurosis, and was the foundational source of all art, myth, religion, philosophy, therapy—indeed of all human culture and civilization. It was the first time that anyone in [[Inner circle (psychoanalysis)|Freud's inner circle]] had characterised something other than the Oedipus complex as contributing to intrapsychic development, a notion that was rejected by Freud and his followers at the time.

By 1936 the "Principle of Multiple Function" was clarified by [[Robert Waelder]].<ref>[[Robert Waelder|Waelder, Robert]]. 1936. "The Principles of Multiple Function: Observations on Over-Determination." ''[[The Psychoanalytic Quarterly]]'' 5:45–62. {{doi|10.1080/21674086.1936.11925272}}.</ref> He widened the formulation that psychological symptoms were caused by and relieved conflict simultaneously. Moreover, symptoms (such as [[phobia]]s and [[Compulsive behavior|compulsions]]) each represented elements of some drive wish (sexual and/or aggressive), superego, anxiety, reality, and defenses. Also in 1936, [[Anna Freud]], Sigmund's daughter, published her seminal book ''The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense'' outlining numerous ways the mind could shut upsetting things out of consciousness.<ref name="Freud 1937">[[Anna Freud|Freud, Anna]]. 1968 [1937]. ''The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence'' (revised ed.). London: [[Hogarth Press]].</ref>