Editing Quantitative genetics (section)

==== Extensive binomial sampling – is panmixia restored?====
If the number of binomial samples is large ('''s → ∞''' ),  then '''p<sub>•</sub> → p<sub>g</sub>''' and '''q<sub>•</sub> → q<sub>g</sub>'''. It might be queried whether panmixia would effectively re-appear under these circumstances. However, the '''sampling of allele frequencies''' has ''still occurred'', with the result that '''σ<sup>2</sup><sub>p, q</sub>''' ≠ '''0'''.<ref name="varpq">This is read as "σ <sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> and/or σ <sup>2</sup><sub>q</sub>". As ''p'' and ''q'' are complementary, σ <sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> &equiv; σ <sup>2</sup><sub>q</sub> and σ <sup>2</sup><sub>p</sub> = σ <sup>2</sup><sub>q</sub>.</ref> In fact, as '''s → ∞''', the  <math display="inline"> \sigma^2_{p,\ q} \to \tfrac{p_g q_g} {2N} </math>, which is the ''variance'' of the ''whole binomial distribution''.<ref name="Crow & Kimura"/>{{rp|382–395}}<ref name="Falconer 1996"/>{{rp|49–63}} Furthermore, the "Wahlund equations" show that the progeny-bulk ''homozygote'' frequencies can be obtained as the sums of their respective average values ('''p<sup>2</sup><sub>•</sub>''' or '''q<sup>2</sup><sub>•</sub>''') ''plus'' '''σ<sup>2</sup><sub>p, q</sub>'''.<ref name="Crow & Kimura"/>{{rp|382–395}} Likewise, the bulk ''heterozygote'' frequency is '''(2 p<sub>•</sub> q<sub>•</sub>)''' ''minus'' '''twice''' the '''σ<sup>2</sup><sub>p, q</sub>'''. The variance arising from the binomial sampling is conspicuously present. Thus, even when '''s → ∞''', the progeny-bulk ''genotype'' frequencies still reveal ''increased homozygosis'',  and ''decreased heterozygosis'', there is still ''dispersion of progeny means'', and still ''inbreeding'' and ''inbreeding depression''. That is, panmixia is ''not'' re-attained once lost because of genetic drift (binomial sampling). However, a new ''potential'' panmixia can be initiated via an allogamous F2 following hybridization.<ref name="Gordon 2003"/>