Editing Quantum computing (section)

==== Quantum cryptography and cybersecurity ====
Quantum computing has significant potential applications in the fields of cryptography and cybersecurity. Quantum cryptography, which leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, offers the possibility of secure communication channels that are fundamentally resistant to eavesdropping. Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, such as BB84, enable the secure exchange of cryptographic keys between parties, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of communication. Additionally, quantum random number generators (QRNGs) can produce high-quality randomness, which is essential for secure encryption.

At the same time, quantum computing poses substantial challenges to traditional cryptographic systems. Shor's algorithm, a quantum algorithm for integer factorization, could potentially break widely used public-key encryption schemes like RSA, which rely on the intractability of factoring large numbers. This has prompted a global effort to develop post-quantum cryptography—algorithms designed to resist both classical and quantum attacks. This field remains an active area of research and standardization, aiming to future-proof critical infrastructure against quantum-enabled threats.

Ongoing research in quantum and post-quantum cryptography will be critical for maintaining the integrity of digital infrastructure. Advances such as new QKD protocols, improved QRNGs, and the international standardization of quantum-resistant algorithms will play a key role in ensuring the security of communication and data in the emerging quantum era.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirandola |first1=S. |last2=Andersen |first2=U. L. |last3=Banchi |first3=L. |last4=Berta |first4=M. |last5=Bunandar |first5=D. |last6=Colbeck |first6=R. |last7=Englund |first7=D. |last8=Gehring |first8=T. |last9=Lupo |first9=C. |last10=Ottaviani |first10=C. |last11=Pereira |first11=J. |last12=Razavi |first12=M. |last13=Shamsul Shaari |first13=J. |last14=Tomamichel |first14=M. |last15=Usenko |first15=V. C. |last16=Vallone |first16=G. |last17=Villoresi |first17=P. |last18=Wallden |first18=P. |year=2020 |title=Advances in quantum cryptography |journal=Advances in Optics and Photonics |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=1012–1236 |doi=10.1364/AOP.361502 |arxiv=1906.01645 |bibcode=2020AdOP...12.1012P}}</ref>

Quantum computing also presents broader systemic and geopolitical risks. These include the potential to break current encryption protocols, disrupt financial systems, and accelerate the development of dual-use technologies such as advanced military systems or engineered pathogens. As a result, nations and corporations are actively investing in post-quantum safeguards, and the race for quantum supremacy is increasingly shaping global power dynamics.<ref>{{cite web |last=Inderwildi |first=Oliver |title=The Quantum Computing Revolution: From Technological Opportunity to Geopolitical Power Shift |url=https://medium.com/the-geopolitical-economist/the-quantum-computing-revolution-geopolitics-economics-c2380e0167ee |website=The Geopolitical Economist |date=April 14, 2025 |access-date=April 14, 2025}}</ref>