Editing Ski binding (section)

==Nordic==
[[File:NN-type Rottefella binding.jpg|thumb|Nordic Norm cross-country binding with three pins that correspond to holes in toe of the ski boot and a bail with a latch to clamp down the toe of the boot.]]
Starting in the last half of the twentieth century, three standards for [[Cross-country skiing|cross-country]] and [[Telemark skiing|telemark]] ski bindings emerged: The 75-mm Nordic Norm (NN), the Salomon Nordic System (SNS), and the New Nordic Norm (NNN). [[Ski jumping]] bindings are specialized to the sport. Companies that manufacture nordic bindings include Alpina, [[Fischer (company)|Fischer]], [[Madshus]], [[Skis Rossignol|Rossignol]], and Rottefella.<ref name=":0" />

=== Nordic systems—1970s ===
Adidas explored an alternative to the Nordic Norm binding in 1975 with a tab protruding from the boot that was clamped down in a narrow plastic binding.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Auran |first=John Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJxt-kDIlCYC&dq=Adidas+cross-country+ski+bindings&pg=PA176 |title=X-C Equipment: The Choice is yours |date=November 1977 |publisher=Skiing |pages=172–6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=798DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Adidas+cross-country+ski+bindings&pg=PA13 |title=Adidas Norm 38 |date=December 1978 |publisher=Backpacker |language=en}}</ref> Salomon produced a ski boot with a metal loop, protruding from the toe of the boot, which was clamped in its binding.<ref name=":1" /> This was followed with the 1979 [[#Salomon Nordic System (SNS)|Salomon Nordic System]] binding system, which attached to a bar embedded in a slot in the toe of the ski boot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georges Salomon, Legendary equipment manufacturer {{!}} International Skiing History Association |url=https://www.skiinghistory.org/lives/georges-salomon |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=www.skiinghistory.org}}</ref> This binding configuration was emulated by Rottefella and other manufacturers as the [[#New Nordic Norm (NNN)|New Nordic Norm]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Nordic Norm (NN) ===
The incorporation of flexible plastics into ski boot soles allowed them to be strong torsionally and side-to-side, while retaining lengthwise flexibility and allowing the heel to rise as without the need for a cable about the heel. The Rottefella binding became standardized as the 75-mm, three-pin, Nordic Norm binding,<ref name=":0" />  which was widespread by the 1970s.<ref name="rot">[http://www.rottefella.no/en/Our-history/ "About Us"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906104003/http://www.rottefella.no/en/Our-history/|date=2015-09-06}}, Rottefella</ref>

=== Salomon Nordic System (SNS) ===
[[File:SNS Pilot-Binding.JPG|thumb|SNS Pilot binding with one central ridge and two stabilizing bars on the boot]]
The Salomon Nordic System (SNS) cross-country ski binding was the first integrated boot-binding system for cross-country skis, followed by the New Nordic Norm. The first generation (SNS) employed a looped bar protruding from the sole of the ski boot. Subsequent generations engage a bar recessed in the toe of the boot and incorporate a single, thick ridge along the binding plate. The variants included:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hindman |first=Steve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2ejJvg-snUC&dq=SNS+bindings&pg=PA70 |title=Cross-Country Skiing: Building Skills for Fun and Fitness |date=2005-09-14 |publisher=The Mountaineers Books |isbn=978-1-59485-278-7 |pages=69–70 |language=en}}</ref>
* SNS: Attaches to a U-shaped metal bar protruding from the front of the boot
* SNS Profil: Attaches to a recessed metal bar in the toe of the boot.
* SNS Pilot: Adds a recess for a second metal bar on the boot to enhance side-to-side control.
* SNS X-Adventure: Stronger design used for back-country skiing (also referred to as SNS{{endash}}BC).
Pilot boots can be used with Profil bindings (Equipe models and similar, with a groove for the second Pilot axle), but Profil boots cannot be used with Pilot bindings due to the wider guide ridge of the latter.

[[Amer Sports]] offered SNS under their Salomon and [[Atomic Skis|Atomic]] brands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RYGR |date=2021-09-20 |title=Amer Sports Brands Salomon, Atomic Announce Changes to Winter Sports Leadership in North America |url=https://www.outsidebusinessjournal.com/press-releases/snowsports-press-releases/amer-sports-brands-salomon-atomic-announce-changes-to-winter-sports-leadership-in-north-america/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Outside Business Journal}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Fischer Skis|Fischer]] abandoned SNS and switched entirely to NIS format of the NNN system.<ref name="rei" />

===New Nordic Norm (NNN) ===
[[File:NNN-Binding.JPG|thumb|NNN binding with two ridges, matching corresponding channels in the boot]]
[[Rottefella]]'s NNN (New Nordic Norm) cross-country ski binding has a bar in the toe of the boot hooked into a corresponding latch in the binding. Bindings are offered in several configurations, classical and skating, touring and racing. Second-generation bindings are not compatible with first-generation designs.<ref name=":1" /> This system is the basis for movable and integrated binding plates that include the Nordic Integrated System, the Turnamic, and Prolink.

A heavy-duty, wider version, NNN{{endash}}BC, is designed for back-country skiing.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Ski touring boots and bindings using NNN-BC.jpg|thumb|Ski touring boots and bindings based on the NNN-BC standard]]

==== Nordic Integrated System (NIS) ====
The Nordic Integrated System (NIS), introduced in 2005 by [[Skis Rossignol|Rossignol]], [[Madshus]], [[Rottefella]], and [[Alpina Žiri|Alpina]],<ref>Mike Muha, [http://www.nordicskiracer.com/Equipment/2005/NIS/NIS.asp "Nordic Integrated System "], Nordic Ski Racer, 26 January 2005</ref> incorporates an NNN-compatible toe attachment into an integrated binding plate on the top of the ski to which the bindings attach, allowing adjustment in the field with a metallic NIS key. The initial design of the plate used a movable insert for position adjustment, using a tool. A refinement allows for movement of the position of the binding on the plate with a locking knob, while wearing the skis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rottefella Introduces New "Move" Binding System |url=https://www.xcskiresorts.com/new-blog/2018/9/13/rottefella-introduces-new-move-binding-system |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Cross Country Skiing |language=en-US}}</ref> NIS skis allow installation of non-NIS bindings.<ref name="rei">{{cite web |title=Cross-Country Ski Gear: How to Choose |url=http://www.rei.com/learn/expert-advice/crosscountry-ski-touring-gear.html |access-date=15 November 2014 |publisher=REI}}</ref>

==== Turnamic (IFP) ====
[[File:Turnamic XC ski binding.jpg|thumb|left|Turnamic binding. Boot locking lever is in the "open" position. IFP latch is in the center (with "IFP" stamped on it), the position offset indicators show zeroes.]]
In 2016, Fischer and Rossignol introduced a new "integrated fixation plate" (IFP) binding, which allows tool-less adjustment of the NNN-compatible binding position. The Turnamic binding uses step-in locking for the boot, and the lock closes or opens by turning the lever to the side.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selleck |first=Murray |date=2017-12-02 |title=Turnamic, Xcelerator, ProLink, NNN… What? A Nordic Guide to XC Boots and Bindings |url=https://skihaussteamboat.com/turnamic-xcelerator-prolink-nnn-what-a-nordic-guide-to-xc-boots-and-bindings/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Ski Haus |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Prolink ====
With the decline in sales of its SNS systems, Salomon introduced its NNN-compatible Prolink system in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Jason |date=December 31, 2015 |title=Salomon to Join NNN Club, Slated to Reveal New Boots-and-Bindings Option on Jan. 1 |url=http://fasterskier.com/fsarticle/salomon-to-join-nnn-club-slated-to-reveal-new-boots-and-bindings-option-on-jan-1/ |access-date=2017-12-30 |website=Faster Skier}}</ref>

===New Telemark Norm (NTN)===
[[File:NTN Telemark Bindings.jpg|thumb|New Telemark Norm (NTN) Binding]]
In 2007, Rottefella introduced the New Telemark Norm binding featuring lateral release, adjustability, and a freely pivoting toe attachment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meyer |first=John |date=January 29, 2007 |title=A new norm has arrived in telemark bindings |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2007/01/29/a-new-norm-has-arrived-in-telemark-bindings/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Blitz |first=Bethany |date=November 24, 2020 |title=Free Your Heel (And the Rest Will Follow) {{!}} Steamboat Magazine |url=http://www.steamboatmagazine.com/2020/11/24/336394/free-your-heel-and-the-rest-will-follow- |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.steamboatmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ski jumping ===
Ski jumping bindings attach to the toe of square-toed plastic boots that extend above the ankles; they allow for the boot heel to rise off the skis. They are designed to release the boot, in case of a fall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ski jumping 101: Equipment {{!}} NBC Olympics |url=https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/ski-jumping-101-equipment |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=www.nbcolympics.com |language=en}}</ref>