Editing Sleep (section)

== Ideal duration ==
[[File:2023 CDC recommendations for amount of sleep needed, by age.svg |thumb|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for the amount of sleep needed decrease with age.<ref name=CDC_sleep>{{cite web |title=How Much Sleep Do I Need? |url=https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.html |website=CDC.gov |date=14 September 2022 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102143914/https://www.cdc.gov/sleep/about_sleep/how_much_sleep.html |archive-date=2 November 2023 |quote=Last Reviewed: September 14, 2022. Source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Population Health. |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
[[File:Effects of sleep deprivation.svg |thumb |The main health effects of [[sleep deprivation]],<ref>Reference list is found on image page in Commons: [[:Commons:File:Effects of sleep deprivation.svg#References]]</ref> indicating impairment of normal maintenance by sleep]]

Human sleep-needs vary by age and amongst individuals;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirshkowitz |first1=Max |last2=Whiton |first2=Kaitlyn |last3=Albert |first3=Steven M. |last4=Alessi |first4=Cathy |last5=Bruni |first5=Oliviero |last6=DonCarlos |first6=Lydia |last7=Hazen |first7=Nancy |last8=Herman |first8=John |last9=Katz |first9=Eliot S. |last10=Kheirandish-Gozal |first10=Leila |last11=Neubauer |first11=David N. |last12=O'Donnell |first12=Anne E. |last13=Ohayon |first13=Maurice |last14=Peever |first14=John |last15=Rawding |first15=Robert |date=March 2015 |title=National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073412/ |journal=Sleep Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=40–43 |doi=10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010 |issn=2352-7226 |pmid=29073412|s2cid=205190733 }}</ref> sleep is considered to be adequate when there is no daytime sleepiness or dysfunction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benbadis |first=S. R. |date=November 1998 |title=Daytime sleepiness: when is it normal? When to refer? |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9830788/ |journal=Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=543–549 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.65.10.543 |doi-broken-date=29 December 2024 |issn=0891-1150 |pmid=9830788|s2cid=8222974 }}</ref> Moreover, self-reported sleep duration is only moderately correlated with actual sleep time as measured by [[actigraphy]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lauderdale DS, Knutson KL, Yan LL, Liu K, Rathouz PJ | title = Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they? | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 19 | issue = 6 | pages = 838–45 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18854708 | pmc = 2785092 | doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e318187a7b0 }}</ref> and those affected with [[sleep state misperception]] may typically report having slept only four hours despite having slept a full eight hours.<ref name=healthcom>[https://www.sleepdisorderchannel.com/insomnia/causes.shtml Insomnia Causes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022083445/https://www.sleepdisorderchannel.com/insomnia/causes.shtml |date=22 October 2010 }}. Healthcommunities.com. Original Publication: 1 December 2000, Updated: 1 December 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arditte Hall |first1=Kimberly A. |last2=Werner |first2=Kimberly B. |last3=Griffin |first3=Michael G. |last4=Galovski |first4=Tara E. |date=10 January 2022 |title=Exploring Predictors of Sleep State Misperception in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder |journal=Behavioral Sleep Medicine |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=22–32 |doi=10.1080/15402002.2021.2024193 |issn=1540-2010 |pmc=9271136 |pmid=35007171 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Truzzi |first1=Giselle de Martin |last2=Teixeira |first2=Igor de Lima |last3=do Prado |first3=Lucila Bizari Fernandes |last4=do Prado |first4=Gilmar Fernandes |last5=Tufik |first5=Sergio |last6=Coelho |first6=Fernando Morgadinho |date=January 2021 |title=Sleep state misperception: is there a CNS structural source? |journal=Sleep Science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) |volume=14 |issue=Spec 1 |pages=94–96 |doi=10.5935/1984-0063.20200039 |issn=1984-0659 |pmc=8663728 |pmid=34917280}}</ref>

Researchers have found that sleeping 6–7 hours each night correlates with longevity and cardiac health in humans, though many underlying factors may be involved in the causality behind this relationship.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Rowland R |title=Experts challenge study linking sleep, life span |date=15 February 2002 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/02/14/sleep.study/index.html |access-date=29 October 2013 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005172421/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/02/14/sleep.study/index.html |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel SR, Ayas NT, Malhotra MR, White DP, Schernhammer ES, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB | display-authors = 6 | title = A prospective study of sleep duration and mortality risk in women | journal = Sleep | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 440–4 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15164896 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/27.3.440 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Patel SR, Malhotra A, Gottlieb DJ, White DP, Hu FB | title = Correlates of long sleep duration | journal = Sleep | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 881–9 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16895254 | pmc = 3500381 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/29.7.881 }}; cf. {{cite journal | vauthors = Irwin MR, Ziegler M | title = Sleep deprivation potentiates activation of cardiovascular and catecholamine responses in abstinent alcoholics | journal = Hypertension | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 252–7 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15642774 | doi = 10.1161/01.HYP.0000153517.44295.07 | s2cid = 2205895 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.535.7089 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ferrie JE, Shipley MJ, Cappuccio FP, Brunner E, Miller MA, Kumari M, Marmot MG|date=December 2007|title=A prospective study of change in sleep duration: associations with mortality in the Whitehall II cohort|journal=Sleep|volume=30|issue=12|pages=1659–66|doi=10.1093/sleep/30.12.1659|pmc=2276139|pmid=18246975}}</ref><ref name=pmid27494321/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, Currie A, Peile E, Stranges S, Miller MA | title = Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults | journal = Sleep | volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 619–26 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18517032 | pmc = 2398753 | doi = 10.1093/sleep/31.5.619 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmid SM, Hallschmid M, Schultes B | title = The metabolic burden of sleep loss | journal = The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 52–62 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 24731536 | doi = 10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70012-9 }}</ref>

Sleep difficulties are furthermore associated with psychiatric disorders such as [[major depressive disorder|depression]], [[alcoholism]], and [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name="Thase2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thase ME | title = Depression and sleep: pathophysiology and treatment | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–26 | date = 2006 | pmid = 16889107 | pmc = 3181772 | doi = 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.2/mthase }}</ref> Up to 90 percent of adults with depression are found to have sleep difficulties. Dysregulation detected by EEG includes disturbances in sleep continuity, decreased delta sleep and altered REM patterns with regard to latency, distribution across the night and density of eye movements.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Mann JJ, Kupfer DJ |title=Biology of Depressive Disorders: Subtypes of depression and comorbid disorders, Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbbTmje6oskC |format=Google books |access-date=24 July 2009 |year=1993 |publisher=Springer |page=49 |isbn=978-0-306-44296-4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310194247/https://books.google.com/books?id=qbbTmje6oskC&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sleep duration can also vary according to season. Up to 90% of people report longer sleep duration in winter, which may lead to more pronounced [[seasonal affective disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Suzuki M, Taniguchi T, Furihata R, Yoshita K, Arai Y, Yoshiike N, Uchiyama M | title = Seasonal changes in sleep duration and sleep problems: A prospective study in Japanese community residents | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = e0215345 | date = 18 April 2019 | pmid = 30998709 | pmc = 6472875 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0215345 | bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1415345S | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Hate waking up when it's dark out? Find out how winter really affects your sleep habits. |url=https://www.sleep.org/do-sleep-needs-change-with-seasons/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302123736/https://www.sleep.org/do-sleep-needs-change-with-seasons/ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |work=Sleep.org}}</ref>

=== Children ===
{{See also|Infant sleep|Adolescent sleep}}
[[File:WLA metmuseum Bronze statue of Eros sleeping 7.jpg|thumb|Bronze statue of [[Eros]] sleeping, 3rd century BC–early 1st century AD]]

By the time infants reach the age of two, their brain size has reached 90 percent of an adult-sized brain;<ref name=Dahl_2009>{{cite journal | vauthors =Dahl RE | title = The regulation of sleep and arousal: Development and psychopathology | journal = Development and Psychopathology | year = 2009 | volume = 8 | issue =1 | pages = 3–27 | doi = 10.1017/S0954579400006945 | s2cid = 143514600 }}</ref> a majority of this brain growth has occurred during the period of life with the highest rate of sleep. The hours that children spend asleep influence their ability to perform on cognitive tasks.<ref name = "Jenni_Dahl_2008" >{{cite book |veditors=Nelson CA, Luciana M | title = Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookdevelopm00nels |url-access=limited | year = 2008 | publisher = MIT Press | location = Cambridge, Mass. | isbn = 978-0262141048 | edition = 2nd |vauthors=Jenni OG, Dahl RE | chapter = Sleep, cognition, and neuron, and emotion: A developmental review. | pages = [https://archive.org/details/handbookdevelopm00nels/page/n819 807]–817 }}</ref><ref name="Scher_2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Scher A | title = Infant sleep at 10 months of age as a window to cognitive development | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 81 | issue = 3 | pages = 289–92 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15814211 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.07.005 }}</ref> Children who sleep through the night and have few night waking episodes have higher cognitive attainments and easier temperaments than other children.<ref name="Scher_2005"/><ref name="Spruyt_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spruyt K, Aitken RJ, So K, Charlton M, Adamson TM, Horne RS | title = Relationship between sleep/wake patterns, temperament and overall development in term infants over the first year of life | journal = Early Human Development | volume = 84 | issue = 5 | pages = 289–96 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 17707119 | doi = 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.07.002 }}</ref><ref name="Bernier_2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bernier A, Carlson SM, Bordeleau S, Carrier J | title = Relations between physiological and cognitive regulatory systems: infant sleep regulation and subsequent executive functioning | journal = Child Development | volume = 81 | issue = 6 | pages = 1739–52 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21077861 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01507.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Sleep also influences language development. To test this, researchers taught infants a faux language and observed their recollection of the rules for that language.<ref name="Hupbach_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hupbach A, Gomez RL, Bootzin RR, Nadel L | title = Nap-dependent learning in infants | journal = Developmental Science | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 1007–12 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19840054 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00837.x | citeseerx = 10.1.1.712.685 }}</ref> Infants who slept within four hours of learning the language could remember the language rules better, while infants who stayed awake longer did not recall those rules as well. There is also a relationship between infants' vocabulary and sleeping: infants who sleep longer at night at 12 months have better vocabularies at 26 months.<ref name="Bernier_2010"/>

Children can greatly benefit from a structured bedtime routine. This can look differently among families, but will generally consist of a set of rituals such as reading a bedtime story, a bath, brushing teeth, and can also include a show of affection from the parent to the child such as a hug or kiss before bed. A bedtime routine will also include a consistent time that the child is expected to be in bed ready for sleep. Having a reliable bedtime routine can help improve a child's quality of sleep as well as prepare them to make and keep healthy [[sleep hygiene]] habits in the future.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mindell JA, Williamson AA | title = Benefits of a bedtime routine in young children: Sleep, development, and beyond | journal = Sleep Medicine Reviews | volume = 40 | pages = 93–108 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 29195725 | pmc = 6587181 | doi = 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.007 }}</ref>

=== Recommended duration ===
[[File:"Plenty of sleep keeps him on the job" - NARA - 514792.jpg|thumb|World War II poster issued by the US government]]Children need many hours of sleep per day in order to develop and function properly: up to 18 hours for [[newborn]] babies, with a declining rate as a child ages.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Early in 2015, after a two-year study,<ref name="sleepfoundation">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, Hazen N, Herman J, Katz ES, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Neubauer DN, O'Donnell AE, Ohayon M, Peever J, Rawding R, Sachdeva RC, Setters B, Vitiello MV, Ware JC, Adams Hillard PJ | display-authors = 6 | title = National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary | journal = Sleep Health | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 40–43 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 29073412 | doi = 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010 | s2cid = 205190733 | url = https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218(15)00015-7/fulltext | access-date = 4 February 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171114014645/https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/article/S2352-7218(15)00015-7/fulltext | archive-date = 14 November 2017 | url-access = subscription }}</ref> the [[National Sleep Foundation]] in the US announced newly revised recommendations as shown in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Hours of sleep recommended for each age group<ref name="sleepfoundation" />
|-
! Age and condition
! Sleep needs
|-
| Newborns (0–3 months)
| 14 to 17 hours
|-
| Infants (4–11 months)
| 12 to 15 hours
|-
| Toddlers (1–2 years)
| 11 to 14 hours
|-
| Preschoolers (3–4 years)
| 10 to 13 hours
|-
| School-age children (5–12 years)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| 9 to 11 hours
|-
| Teenagers (13–17 years)
| 8 to 10 hours
|-
| Adults (18–64 years)
| 7 to 9 hours
|-
| Older Adults (65 years and over)
| 7 to 8 hours
|}