Editing Spain (section)

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Spain}}
[[File:Spain_Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification]] map of Spain]]
[[File:Urriellu desde el Pozo de La Oracion.jpg|thumb|Urriellu peak ([[Naranjo de Bulnes]]) from Pozo de La Oracion, [[Picos de Europa]]]]
Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and [[orography|orographic]] conditions:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf|title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3)|access-date=30 April 2011|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412021016/http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Mediterranean climate]] is characterised by warm/hot and dry summers and is the predominant climate in the country. It has two varieties: ''Csa'' and ''Csb'' according to the [[Köppen climate classification]].
** The ''Csa'' zone is associated with areas with hot summers. It is predominant in the Southern Mediterranean (except southeastern) and Southern Atlantic coast and inland throughout [[Andalusia]], Extremadura and much of the centre of the country. Some areas of Csa, mainly those inland, such as some areas of [[Castilla–La Mancha|Castilla-La-Mancha]], [[Extremadura]], Madrid and some parts of Andalusia, have cool winters with some continental influences, while the regions with a Mediterranean climate close to the sea have mild winters.
** The ''Csb'' zone has warm rather than hot summers, and extends to additional cool-winter areas not typically associated with a Mediterranean climate, such as much of central and northern-central of Spain (e.g. western [[Castile and León|Castile–León]], northeastern Castilla-La Mancha and northern Madrid) and into much rainier areas (notably [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]).
* The [[semi-arid climate]] (''BSk'', ''BSh'') is predominant in the southeastern quarter of the country, but is also widespread in other areas of Spain. It covers most of the [[Region of Murcia]], southern and central-eastern [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], eastern Andalusia, various areas of Castilla-La-Mancha, Madrid and some areas of Extremadura. Further to the north, it is predominant in the upper and mid reaches of the [[Ebro]] valley, which crosses southern [[Navarre]], central [[Aragon]] and western [[Catalonia]]. It is also found in a small area in northern Andalusia and in a small area in central Castilla-León. Precipitation is limited with dry season extending beyond the summer and average temperature depends on altitude and latitude.
* The [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb'') is located in the northern quarter of the country, especially in the Atlantic region ([[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], [[Cantabria]], [[Asturias]], and partly Galicia and Castile–León). It is also found in northern Navarre, in most highlands areas along the [[Sistema Ibérico|Iberian System]] and in the [[Pyrenees|Pyrenean]] valleys, where a humid subtropical variant (''Cfa'') also occurs. Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought.

Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the [[alpine climate]] in areas with very high altitude, the [[humid subtropical climate]] in areas of northeastern Spain and the [[continental climate]]s (''Dfc'', ''Dfb'' / ''Dsc'', ''Dsb'') in the [[Pyrenees]] as well as parts of the [[Cordillera Cantábrica|Cantabrian Range]], the [[Sistema Central|Central System]], [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] and the [[Sistema Ibérico|Iberian System]], and a typical [[desert climate]] (''BWk'', ''BWh'') in the zone of [[Almería]], [[Murcia]] and eastern [[Canary Islands]]. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above {{convert|18.0|C|1}} during their coolest month, thus having influences of [[tropical climate]], although they cannot properly be classified as tropical climates, as according to AEMET, their aridity is high, thus belonging to an arid or semi-arid climate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]] |archive-date=13 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213184548/https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Spain is one of the countries that is most affected by the [[Climate change in Spain|climate change]] in Europe. In Spain, which already has a hot and dry climate, extreme events such as [[Heat wave|heatwaves]] are becoming increasingly frequent.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last1=Medina |first1=Miguel Ángel |first2=Elisa |last2= Tasca|date=2021-08-12|title=Weather experts on Spain's heatwave: 'A summer like this will be considered cold in 30 years' time'|url=https://english.elpais.com/society/2021-08-12/weather-experts-on-spains-heatwave-a-summer-like-this-will-be-considered-cold-in-30-years-time.html|access-date=2021-08-17|website=EL PAÍS|language=en}}</ref> The country is also experiencing more episodes of drought and increased severity of these episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Fred|last1= Pleitgen|first2=Claudia|last2=Otto |first3=Laura|last3=Paddison |date=2023-05-02 |title=Disappearing lakes, dead crops and trucked-in water: Drought-stricken Spain is running dry |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/02/europe/spain-drought-catalonia-heat-wave-climate-intl/index.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> [[Water resources]] will be severely affected in various [[climate change]] scenarios.<ref>{{cite journal |author=T. Estrela |author2=M.A. Pérez-Martin |author3=E. Vargas |title=Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain |journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal |year=2012 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1154–1167 |doi=10.1080/02626667.2012.702213 |doi-access=|bibcode=2012HydSJ..57.1154E }}</ref> To mitigate the [[effects of climate change]], Spain is promoting an [[energy transition]] to [[renewable energy|renewable energies]], such as [[Solar power|solar]] and [[wind energy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Renewable energies in Spain |website=Institute for the Diversification and Saving of Energy  |url=https://www.idae.es/articulos/renewable-energies-spain}}</ref>