Editing Spanish language (section)

=== Asia ===
{{See also|Chavacano|Philippine Spanish|Spanish language in the Philippines}}
[[Image:La-solidaridad2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|An 1892 issue of '' [[La Solidaridad]]'', a Spanish-language newspaper on the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|colonial Philippines]] published in [[Barcelona]] by Filipino exiles and international students]]

Spanish was an official language of the [[Philippines]] from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During [[History of the Philippines (1521–1898)|Spanish colonization]], it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos (''[[Ilustrados]]''). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing.<ref>{{cite news|language=es |title=Por qué Filipinas no es un país hispanoparlante si fue una colonia de España durante 300 años (y qué huellas quedan de la lengua de Cervantes)|newspaper=BBC News Mundo|date=30 January 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887 |access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130181828/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-54724887|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Idioma chabacano.png|thumb|Map of the [[Chavacano]] language in various [[provinces of the Philippines]], as well as [[Sabah]] in [[Malaysia]] (where it is spoken by immigrants)]]
Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American administration]] after the [[Spanish–American War]] but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ambeth |last=Ocampo |author-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=The loss of Spanish |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish |date=4 December 2007 |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer (INQUIRER.net) |location=Makati City, Philippines |at=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311211640/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20071204-104897/The_loss_of_Spanish |archive-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref> Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and [[Filipino language|Filipino]], a standardized version of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].

Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under the administration of [[Ferdinand Marcos]] two months later.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html |title=Presidential Decree No. 155: Philippine Laws, Statutes and Codes |publisher=Chanrobles.com |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003012548/http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html |archive-date=3 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language.<ref>Article XIV, Sec 7: "For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. <u>Spanish</u> and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."</ref> Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that [[Government of the Philippines|the government]] shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of the country's constitution.<ref>Article XIV, Sec 8: "This Constitution shall be promulgated in Filipino and English and shall be translated into major regional languages, Arabic, and <u>Spanish</u>."</ref> In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rodríguez-Ponga |first1=Rafael |title=New Prospects for the Spanish Language in the Philippines |url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/spanish+language+culture/ari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8 |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402171759/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/web/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Fspanish+language+culture%2Fari27-2009#.VPUs_lPF9l8 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools |title=PNoy (President Benigno Aquino III) and Spain's Queen Sofia welcome return of Spanish language in Philippine schools |first=Amita O. |last=Legaspi |date=3 July 2012 |publisher=GMA News |access-date=8 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707011008/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/264032/news/nation/pnoy-and-spains-queen-sofia-welcome-return-of-spanish-language-in-phl-schools}}</ref> and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system,<ref>{{Cite news | title=Spanish Language Program in Philippine Public Secondary Schools | url=https://www.seameo-innotech.org/portfolio_page/spanish-language-program-in-philippine-public-secondary-schools/ | publisher=[[Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization|SEAMEO Regional Center for Educational Innovation and Technology]] | access-date=May 8, 2023 | archive-date=22 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122225404/https://www.seameo-innotech.org/portfolio_page/spanish-language-program-in-philippine-public-secondary-schools/ | url-status=live}}</ref> with over 7,000 students studying the language in the 2021–2022 school year alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Studying – In the Philippines |url=https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/filipinas/en_PH/estudiar/en-filipinas |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Spain)|Ministry of Education and Vocational Training of Spain]] |access-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408125717/https://www.educacionyfp.gob.es/filipinas/en_PH/estudiar/en-filipinas}}</ref> The [[business process outsourcing in the Philippines|local business process outsourcing industry]] has also helped boost the language's economic prospects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weedon |first=Alan |title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News and Current Affairs]] |date=August 10, 2019 |access-date=January 18, 2022 |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212035502/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |url-status=live}}</ref> Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874|title=Spanish is an endangered Filipino language|first=Jorge|last=Mojarro |date=6 October 2020 |publisher=The Manila Times |access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118101358/https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/06/opinion/columnists/spanish-is-an-endangered-filipino-language/776874|url-status=live}}</ref> a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=Master |last=Andrés Barrenechea |first=Clarissa |title=La enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera en Filipinas. Estudio de caso de la Universidad Ateneo de Manila |trans-title=The Teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language in the Philippines: Case Study of the Ateneo de Manila University |language=es |url=https://revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf |publisher=[[Autonomous University of Zacatecas]] |date=June 2013 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410005950/https://revista.carayanpress.com/resources/RF-CBarrenechea.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Aside from standard Spanish, a Spanish-based creole language called [[Chavacano]] developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish.<ref>Spanish creole:{{cite book |author=Rafael Rodríguez-Ponga |title=Pero ¿cuántos hablan español en Filipinas? |date=January 2003 |pages=54, 55 |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |publisher=Cervantes virtual |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806190230/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=live}} <!-- original reference title does not agree with URL, I did my best, here it is as it was: {{Citation |first=Antonio |last=Quilis |title=La lengua española en Filipinas |year=1996 |page=54 and 55 |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |publisher=Cervantes virtual |access-date=1 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806190230/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2009 |url-status=live}} --></ref> The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rubino|2008|p=279}}</ref> The local [[languages of the Philippines]] also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from [[Mexican Spanish]], owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through [[New Spain]] until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html|title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=The corpus juris |access-date=6 April 2008|at=Article XV, Section 3(3)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417201402/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html|archive-date=17 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Spanish Influence on Language, Culture, and Philippine History |url=http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html |access-date=15 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305163610/http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilSpa.html |archive-date=5 March 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>