Editing Stem cell (section)

=== Cell cycle control ===
The key factors controlling the cell cycle also regulate [[pluripotency]]. Thus, manipulation of relevant genes can maintain pluripotency and reprogram somatic cells to an induced pluripotent state.<ref name=":2" /> However, reprogramming of somatic cells is often low in efficiency and considered [[stochastic]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen X, Hartman A, Guo S | title = Choosing Cell Fate Through a Dynamic Cell Cycle | journal = Current Stem Cell Reports | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 129–138 | date = 2015-09-01 | pmid = 28725536 | pmc = 5487535 | doi = 10.1007/s40778-015-0018-0 }}</ref>

With the idea that a more rapid cell cycle is a key component of pluripotency, reprogramming efficiency can be improved. Methods for improving pluripotency through manipulation of cell cycle regulators include: overexpression of Cyclin D/Cdk4, phosphorylation of [[SOX2|Sox2]] at S39 and S253, overexpression of Cyclin A and Cyclin E, knockdown of Rb, and knockdown of members of the [[CIP/KIP|Cip/Kip]] family or the Ink family.<ref name=":2" /> Furthermore, reprogramming efficiency is correlated with the number of cell divisions happened during the stochastic phase, which is suggested by the growing inefficiency of reprogramming of older or slow diving cells.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hindley C, Philpott A | title = The cell cycle and pluripotency | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 451 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–143 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23535166 | pmc = 3631102 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20121627 }}</ref>