Editing Survey methodology (section)

===Translating a questionnaire===
Translation is crucial to collecting comparable survey data. Questionnaires are translated from a [[Source language (translation)|source language]] into one or more target languages, such as translating from English into Spanish and German. A team approach is recommended in the translation process to include translators, subject-matter experts and persons helpful to the process.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sha |first1=Mandy |last2=Immerwahr |first2=Stephen |date=2018-02-19 |title=Survey Translation: Why and How Should Researchers and Managers be Engaged? |url=https://www.surveypractice.org/article/3248-survey-translation-why-and-how-should-researchers-and-managers-be-engaged |journal=Survey Practice |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.29115/SP-2018-0016|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Survey translation best practice includes parallel translation, team discussions, and pretesting with real-life people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special issue on questionnaire translation |url=https://wapor.org/special-issue-on-questionnaire-translation/ |access-date=October 2, 2023 |website=World Association of Public Opinion Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Behr |first1=Dorothee |last2=Sha |first2=Mandy |date=2018 |title=Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research |url=http://www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/article/view/937 |journal=Translation & Interpreting |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=1–4}}</ref> It is not a mechanical word placement process. The model TRAPD - Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretest, and Documentation - originally developed for the [[European Social Survey]]s, is now "widely used in the global survey research community, although not always labeled as such or implemented in its complete form".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality in Comparative Surveys |url=https://aapor.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/AAPOR-WAPOR-Task-Force-Report-on-Quality-in-Comparative-Surveys_Full-Report.pdf |access-date=October 2, 2023 |website=Task Force Report, American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality in Comparative Surveys |url=https://wapor.org/resources/aapor-wapor-task-force-report-on-quality-in-comparative-surveys/ |website=Task Force Report, World Association of Public Opinion Research (WAPOR)}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Harkness |first=Janet |title=Cross-cultural survey methods |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-471-38526-3}}</ref> For example, [[sociolinguistics]] provides a theoretical framework for questionnaire translation and complements TRAPD. This approach states that for the questionnaire translation to achieve the equivalent communicative effect as the source language, the translation must be linguistically appropriate while incorporating the social practices and cultural norms of the target language.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pan |first1=Yuling |title=The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation |last2=Sha |first2=Mandy |publisher=[[Routledge]] [[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-1138550865}}</ref>