Editing Toll road (section)

== Charging methods ==
{{main|Road pricing}}
Road tolls were levied traditionally for a specific access (e.g. city) or for a specific infrastructure (e.g. roads, bridges). These concepts were widely used until the last century. However, the evolution in technology made it possible to implement road tolling policies based on different concepts. The different charging concepts are designed to suit different requirements regarding purpose of the charge, charging policy, the network to the charge, tariff class differentiation, et cetera:<ref>Oehry, Bernhard (2004): Tolling with Satellites – a System Concept for Everybody?" in: Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität Basel.</ref>

* Time-based charges and access fees: In a time-based charging regime, a road user has to pay for a given period of time in which they may use the associated infrastructure. For the practically identical access fees, the user pays for the access to a restricted zone for a period or several days.
* Motorway and other infrastructure tolling: The term tolling is used for charging a well-defined special and comparatively costly infrastructure, like a bridge, a tunnel, a mountain pass, a motorway concession, or the whole motorway network of a country. Classically a toll is due when a vehicle passes a tolling station, be it a manual barrier-controlled toll plaza or a free-flow multi-lane station.
* Distance or area charging: In a distance or area charging system concept, vehicles are charged per total distance driven in a defined area.

Some toll roads charge a toll in only one direction. Examples include the [[Sydney Harbour Bridge]], [[Sydney Harbour Tunnel]], and [[Eastern Distributor]] (these all charge tolls city-bound) in Australia, in the United States, crossings between [[Pennsylvania]] and [[New Jersey]] operated by [[Delaware River Port Authority]] and crossings between New Jersey and [[New York (state)|New York]] operated by [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]]. This technique is practical where the [[Shunpiking|detour to avoid the toll]] is large or the toll differences are small.