Editing Vertical integration (section)

===Apple===
{{See also|Closed platform}}
[[Apple Inc.|Apple]] has used the vertical integration strategy for 35 years. Apple centered its business strategy on its own development of integrated hardware, software, and latterly services. They design most of their products in-house, and do not allow their hardware and operating system to be licensed out, which allows the company to apply its company vision to its products.

Implementing a vertically integrated strategy has helped Apple become a leading platform company; integrating their software (through [[application programming interface|API]]s for third-party application developers) with their own hardware, across all the devices and services they offer.

Another major success of Apple's, is the forward integration with their retail stores, allowing them to sell their products directly to customers (helping customers to buy and use Apple's products and services), additionally helping them to control the prices of their products, and thus to maintain high-profit margins when they do.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Claici|first1=Claici|last2=Basalisco|first2=Bruno|title=The Economic Rationale For Vertical Integration In The Tech Sector|url=https://www.copenhageneconomics.com/dyn/resources/Publication/publicationPDF/0/550/1606320780/copenhagen-economics-the-economic-rationale-for-vertical-integration-in-tech.pdf|publisher=Copenhagen Economics|access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref> Apple is also known as one of the world's leading "orchestrators" as they exert control over the entire value chain, but do not do everything in-house (e.g. assembly of [[iPhone]]s by manufacturing partner [[Foxconn]]).<ref name="Apple FC info 1">{{cite book|title=Winning strategies in a deconstructing world|last=Bresser|first=Rudi K. F. (Hg.)|publisher=Wiley|year=2000|isbn=0471496871|location=Chichester|pages=6–9}}</ref>