Editing Washington Heights, Manhattan (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Topographical atlas of the city of New York, including the annexed territory showing original water courses and made land. NYPL1527362 (cropped for Northern Manhattan).tif|thumb|An 1874 topographical map displaying the elevated ridge of [[Upper Manhattan]]]]
Washington Heights is located on the high ridge of [[Upper Manhattan]] that extends west of Edgecombe Avenue from around 133rd Street to just below Dyckman Street.<ref name=NYPLtopographic>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e2-63a5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99|title=Topographical atlas of the city of New York, including the annexed territory showing original water courses and made land|first=F. W.|last=Beers|access-date=February 12, 2021|date=1874|publisher=[[The New York Public Library]], Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}</ref> It contains the highest piece of land in Manhattan: an outcropping of [[schist]] {{convert|265|feet}} above sea level in [[Bennett Park (New York City)|Bennett Park]].<ref name="bennettparkhighlights">{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bennett-park/history|title=Bennett Park Highlights|access-date=April 21, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, the neighborhood was considered to run as far south as 135th Street west of [[Central Harlem]],<ref name="heightseventful">{{cite book|url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/d4ad9470-1d76-0131-e005-58d385a7bbd0|title=Washington Heights, Manhattan: Its Eventful Past|first=Reginald Pelham|last=Bolton|access-date=April 22, 2020|year=1924|publisher=Dyckman Institute|author-link=Reginald Pelham Bolton}}</ref><ref>{{cite fednyc}}</ref>{{Rp|294}} encompassing most of the elevated area of Upper Manhattan.<ref name=NYPLtopographic/> In the modern day, Washington Heights is typically defined as the area between [[Hamilton Heights]] at [[155th Street (Manhattan)|155th Street]] and [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]] at [[Dyckman Street (Manhattan)|Dyckman Street]],<ref name=CB/>{{Rp|139}}<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn12.pdf|title=Community Health Profiles 2018: Washington Heights and Inwood|date=2018|website=nyc.gov|publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]]|access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/city-neighborhoods/neighbor.pdf|title=New York City: A City of Neighborhoods|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]|access-date=February 16, 2021|date=2014}}</ref> although some have considered Washington Heights' southern boundary to be 158th Street.<ref name=neighborsinconflict>{{cite book|title=Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941|year=1978|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|first=Ronald H.|last=Bayor|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/67077|isbn=9781421431024}}</ref>{{Rp|151}}<ref name=1940swhprofile>{{cite web|url=https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/347376/m23-profile.pdf|title=1943 Profile of the Washington Heights, Manhattan area|date=1943|access-date=August 20, 2020|publisher=[[Graduate Center, CUNY]]}}</ref>

===Sub-neighborhoods===
==== Hudson Heights ====
{{Main|Hudson Heights, Manhattan}}
[[File:GWB view of Castle Village jeh.jpg|thumb|[[Castle Village]], like other buildings in Hudson Heights, switched from rental occupation to co-op ownership in the 1980s.<ref name="retaining nyc.gov">{{cite web|url=http://nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/pdf/castle_village_report.pdf|title=Board of Inquiry Report – Castle Village Retaining Wall Collapse|date=April 2007|publisher=[[New York City Department of Buildings]]|access-date=April 2, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524092522/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dob/downloads/pdf/castle_village_report.pdf|archive-date=May 24, 2011}}</ref>]]

The Hudson Heights sub-neighborhood is generally considered to cover the area west of [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] and north of 181st Street or 179th Street,<ref name=Thinking1/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Na0jAAAAQBAJ|first=William B.|last=Helmreich|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|access-date=April 10, 2020|date=October 20, 2013|title=The New York Nobody Knows: Walking 6,000 Miles in the City|isbn=9781400848317}}</ref> although some contend that its southern boundary extends as far as 173rd Street.<ref>[http://www.hhoc.org/ Home Page], Hudson Heights Owners Coalition. Retrieved April 27, 2016. "We are an association of owner occupied residential properties located in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Hudson Heights. Our boundaries are between J. Hood Wright Park (173rd Street) and Fort Tryon Park (Margaret Corbin Circle at 192nd Street), west of Broadway."</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alex Luis Castex-Porter|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/districting/downloads/pdf/alex_luis_castex-porter.pdf|access-date=April 10, 2020|date=August 16, 2012|author=Alex Luis Castex-Porter|website=nyc.gov}}</ref> The name was created by the Hudson Heights Owners' Coalition in 1992 to promote the sale of [[Housing cooperative|co-op]] apartments in the northwestern part of the neighborhood.<ref name=Thinking1>Garb, Maggie. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/08/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-living-hudson-heights-high-above-hudson-crowd-ops.html "If You're Thinking of Living In Hudson Heights: High Above Hudson, a Crowd of Co-ops,"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', November 8, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2016. "The neighborhood is called Hudson Heights by local real estate brokers and advocates for the area, to distinguish it from the sprawling blocks of Washington Heights to the south and east. It is situated west of Broadway between the George Washington Bridge and Fort Tryon Park and is set on rocky cliffs above the Hudson River."</ref>

Hudson Heights' name has been adopted by numerous newspapers, typically setting it apart from the rest of Washington Heights for its [[Art Deco]] decor, residential character, and closeness to [[Fort Tryon Park]] and the [[Hudson River]].<ref name="hudsonheightsguide.com">Calabi, Marcella; and Ritter, Elizabeth Lorris. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110818031215/http://hudsonheightsguide.com/2010/10/29/how-hudson-heights-got-its-name/ "How Hudson Heights Got Its Name"] ''Hudson Heights Guide'', October 29, 2010, backed up by the [[Internet Archive]] as if August 18, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2016.</ref><ref>Mokha, Kavita Mokha. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704013604576247192148974996 "Hudson Heights Pumps More-for-Less Theme"] ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' (April 8, 2011). Retrieved April 13, 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/28/realestate/living-in-hudson-heights-manhattan.html|title=Hudson Heights: A Hidden Gem, Gaining Popularity|date=March 28, 2018|first=Aileen|last=Jacobson|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nysun.com/article/64839|title=Hudson Heights Climbing to the Next Level|work=[[The New York Sun]]|access-date=February 6, 2021|first=Leslie|last=Hendrickson|date=October 18, 2007|archive-date=October 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002043204/https://www.nysun.com/article/64839|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, some disparage the name;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uptowncollective.com/2018/04/06/op-led-hudson-heights-doesnt-exist/|title=Op-Led: Hudson Heights Doesn't Exist|access-date=April 11, 2020|website=Uptown Collective|date=April 6, 2018|first=Led|last=Black}}</ref> Manhattan Borough Historian Robert W. Snyder argued that the name's intention was to "conceptually separate the area from the rest of Washington Heights," diminishing the "shared interest on both sides of Broadway."<ref name=CB/>{{Rp|205}}

While the name "Hudson Heights" may be relatively new, a divide between northwestern Washington Heights and the rest of the neighborhood has existed in some form in the neighborhood since the early 1900s. Census data from 1950 shows that rents in the western areas of the neighborhood tended to be slightly higher compared to the eastern areas, but the highest rents were almost entirely in the northwestern area, with its high concentration of more modern elevator buildings, and the [[Audubon Park Historic District, New York City|Audubon Park Historic District]], which has most of the neighborhood's few buildings with more than six stories.<ref name=1950manhattanblockstats/>

This economic divide became racial as well during the 1970s and 1980s, as the majority of white residents who did not leave the neighborhood settled in the northwestern area.<ref name=Lowenstein/>{{Rp|216}} {{As of|2019}}, market rents remain significantly higher north of 181st Street and west of Broadway,<ref>{{cite web|title=Manhattan Rent Score: Every Building Ranked by Price Level|url=https://streeteasy.com/blog/manhattan-rent-score/|website=[[StreetEasy]]|first=Nancy|last=Wu|date=November 4, 2019|access-date=February 6, 2021}}</ref> although the most noticeable difference is the racial divide; {{as of|2020|lc=yes}}, Hudson Heights census blocks are 60% white while census blocks east of Broadway are 13% white.<ref name=censusfactfinder2020/>

====Fort George====
[[File:Fort George, New York, NY, USA - panoramio (17) cropped version.jpg|thumb|Apartment buildings in [[Fort George (New York)|Fort George]], with stilts along Fairview Avenue due to elevation differences]]
Named for the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]]'s [[Fort George (New York)|Fort George]], the lesser-recognized Fort George sub-neighborhood runs east of Broadway from 181st Street to Dyckman Street.<ref name="fortgeorgeplayground">{{cite web|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/highbridge-park/highlights/12317|title=Highbridge Park Highlights – Fort George Playground|access-date=May 1, 2020|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718082120/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/highbridge-park/highlights/12317|archive-date=July 18, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/19/realestate/fort-george-manhattan-nosebleed-heights-and-down-to-earth-prices.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=September 1, 2020|date=April 19, 2017|first=C. J.|last=Hughes|title=Fort George, Manhattan: Nosebleed Heights and Down-to-Earth Prices}}</ref> Educational institutions include [[Yeshiva College (Yeshiva University)|Yeshiva College]], located east of Amsterdam Avenue near [[Highbridge Park]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yu.edu/student-life/campuses/wilf/|title=Campuses|publisher=[[Yeshiva University]]|access-date=April 15, 2020}}</ref> and [[George Washington High School (New York City)|George Washington High School]], on the nearby site of the original Fort George.<ref name="heightseventful"/>{{Rp|155}} Fort George also holds one of Manhattan's rare semi-private streets, Washington Terrace, which runs south from West 186th Street for a half-block between Audubon and Amsterdam avenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forgotten-ny.com/2013/12/washington-terrace-washington-heights/|title=Washington Terrace, Washington Heights|access-date=September 1, 2020|date=December 28, 2013|website=[[Forgotten NY]]}}</ref>

===Elevation changes===
Because of its abrupt, hilly topography, pedestrian navigation in [[Upper Manhattan]] is facilitated by many [[step street]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecuriousuptowner.com/post/2020/01/08/these-step-streets-in-upper-manhattan-have-all-the-cinematic-drama-of-the-joker-stairs-an|title=These uptown step streets have all the cinematic drama of the 'Joker' stairs–and none of the crowds|website=The Curious Uptowner|date=April 15, 2020|access-date=February 7, 2021}}</ref> The longest of these is a set of 130 stairs connecting [[Fort Washington Avenue]] and Overlook Terrace at [[187th Street]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/step-by-step-rebuilding-new-york-citys-open-air-staircases-1436393623|access-date=February 7, 2021|title=Step by Step, Rebuilding New York City's Open-Air Staircases|first=Douglas|last=Feiden|date=July 8, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

To help with eastward-westward transit in upper Washington Heights, elevators are available at the [[181st Street (IND Eighth Avenue Line)|181st Street IND station]], with entrances on Overlook Terrace and Fort Washington Avenue at 184th Street, and the [[190th Street station]], with entrances on Fort Washington Avenue and Bennett Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.mta.info/system_modernization/uptownelevators|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|access-date=January 6, 2021|title=Replacing the elevators at uptown A and 1 stations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite archive|collection=Records of the National Park Service, 1785 – 2006|institution=National Archives|item-url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/75313903|series=National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, 2013 – 2017|item=New York MPS 181st Street Subway Station (IND)|item-id=75313903|box=National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York}}</ref> The [[191st Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|191st Street IRT station]] also has a pedestrian tunnel, with an entrance on Broadway near 190th Street, and free elevator connection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.mta.info/sites/default/files/2018-04/191%20St%20%281%29%20web.pdf|title=191st Street Neighborhood Map|date=April 2018|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref> Exemplifying the abrupt changes in the area's terrain, the 191st Street and [[Dyckman Street station (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)|Dyckman Street]] IRT stations are at similar elevations compared to sea level, but the former is the city's deepest subway station below ground level,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/mta-replace-deepest-elevator-system-191-st-1-line|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|date=January 26, 2020|access-date=June 12, 2021|title=MTA to Replace Deepest Elevator in System at 191 St. on 1 Line|archive-date=June 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194746/https://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/mta-replace-deepest-elevator-system-191-st-1-line|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Solis 2005 p. 11">{{cite book|last=Solis|first=Julia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpdwcewZ2rgC&pg=PA11|title=New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-415-95013-8|page=11|access-date=March 29, 2021}}</ref> while the latter, just {{convert|0.4|mi}} north, is above ground.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZRiky7CzEkC|title=IRT Interborough Rapid Transit / the New York City Subway: Its Design and Construction|date=June 2007|publisher=[[Interborough Rapid Transit Company]]|isbn=9781430325505|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IRT Subway: Map and Profile of the IRT Subway (New York Subway Souvenir, 1904) |url=https://www.nycsubway.org/perl/show?/img/articles/souvenir-mapprofile.jpg |website=nycsubway.org |access-date=June 16, 2021}}</ref>