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==History== The history of voice communication technology began in 1876 with the invention of [[Alexander Graham Bell]]'s telephone. In the 1890s, "law enforcement agencies begin tapping wires on early telephone networks".<ref name="ISSUU">{{Cite magazine |date=September 2008 |title=A History of Listening In |url=http://issuu.com/sciam/docs/2008-09_pg58_2?mode=embed&documentId=080820180613-64657d58c38f4897941bc60b292f46d6&layout=grey |magazine=Scientific American |pages=57–59 |access-date=2010-06-01 |via=Issu}}</ref> Remote voice communications "were carried almost exclusively by circuit-switched systems," where telephone switches would connect wires to form a continuous circuit and disconnect the wires when the call ended. All other telephone services, such as call forwarding and message taking, were handled by human operators.<ref name="SCIENTIFIC" /> The earliest wiretaps were extra wires — physically inserted to the line between the switchboard and the subscriber — that carried the signal to a pair of earphones and a recorder. Later, wiretaps were installed at the central office on the frames that held the incoming wires.<ref name="SCIENTIFIC" /> In late 1940, the Nazis tried to secure some telephone lines between their forward headquarters in Paris and a variety of [[Fuhrerbunker]]s in Germany. They did this by constantly monitoring the voltage on the lines, looking for any sudden drops or increases in voltage indicating that other wiring had been attached. However, the French telephone engineer Robert Keller succeeded in attaching taps without alerting the Nazis. This was done through an isolated rental property just outside of [[Paris]]. Keller's group became known to [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] (and later Allied military intelligence generally) as "Source K". They were later betrayed by a mole within the French resistance, and Keller was murdered in the [[Bergen-Belsen]] [[concentration camp]] in April 1945. The first computerized telephone switch was developed by Bell Labs in 1965; it did not support standard wiretapping techniques.<ref name="ISSUU" /> ===Greece=== In the [[Greek telephone tapping case 2004–2005]] more than 100 mobile phone numbers belonging mostly to members of the Greek government, including the [[Prime Minister of Greece]], and top-ranking civil servants were found to have been illegally tapped for a period of at least one year. The Greek government concluded this had been done by a foreign intelligence agency, for security reasons related to the [[2004 Olympic Games]], by unlawfully activating the lawful interception subsystem of the [[Vodafone Greece]] mobile network. An Italian tapping case which surfaced in November 2007 revealed significant manipulation of the news at the national television company [[RAI]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/11/03/girls-girls-girls-letter-from-rome-alexander-stille |title=Girls! Girls! Girls! |last=Stille |first=Alexander |date=2008-10-27 |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=2019-11-03 |department=Letter from Rome |publication-date=2008-11-03 |language=en |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> ===United States=== Many state legislatures in the United States enacted statutes that prohibited anyone from listening in on telegraph communication. Telephone wiretapping began in the 1890s,<ref name="hsw3" /> and its [[constitutionality]] was established in the [[Prohibition]]-Era conviction of [[Rum running|bootlegger]] [[Roy Olmstead]]. Wiretapping has also been carried out in the US under most presidents, sometimes with a lawful warrant since the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled it constitutional in 1928. Before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and the subsequent entry of the United States into [[World War II]], the U.S. House of Representatives held hearings on the legality of wiretapping for national defense. Significant legislation and judicial decisions on the legality and constitutionality of wiretapping had taken place years before World War II.<ref>United States Congress. ''Joint resolution to authorize the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice to con-duct investigations in the interests of national defense, and ·for that purpose to permit wire tapping in certain cases''. H.J.Res. 571. 76th Cong. 2nd sess. House Committee on the Judiciary Rept. No. 2574. [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-CRECB-1940-pt8-v8686 Cong. Rec. (bound) '''8300'''] (June 14, 1940)</ref> However, it took on new urgency at that time of national crisis. The actions of the government regarding wiretapping for the purpose of national defense in the current war on terror have drawn considerable attention and criticism. In the World War II era, the public was also aware of the controversy over the question of the constitutionality and legality of wiretapping. Furthermore, the public was concerned with the decisions that the legislative and judicial branches of the government were making regarding wiretapping.<ref>United States Congress. ''An act to amend section 606 of the Communications Act of 1934 for the pur-pose of granting to the President, in time of war or threatened war, certain powers with respect to communications by wire''. H.R. 6263. 77th Cong., 2nd sess. House Committee on the Judiciary.</ref> [[File:This Phone Is Tapped.jpg|thumb|[[CrimethInc.]] sticker on a telephone warning users of phone tapping by the U.S. government]] On October 19, 1963, U.S. Attorney General [[Robert F. Kennedy]], who served under [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], authorized the [[FBI]] to begin wiretapping the communications of Rev. [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] The wiretaps remained in place until April 1965 at his home and June 1966 at his office.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Garrow |first=David J. |date=July–August 2002 |title=The FBI and Martin Luther King |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200207/garrow |access-date=2010-06-01 |magazine=The Atlantic}}</ref> In 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that wiretapping (or “intercepting communications”) requires a warrant in ''[[Katz v. United States]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/get-involved/constitution-activities/fourth-amendment/wiretaps-cell-phone-surveillance/facts-case-summary.aspx |title=Facts and Case Summary: Katz v. United States |website=United States Courts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403121612/http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/get-involved/constitution-activities/fourth-amendment/wiretaps-cell-phone-surveillance/facts-case-summary.aspx |archive-date=2015-04-03}}</ref> In 1968 Congress passed a law that provided warrants for wiretapping in criminal investigations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://it.ojp.gov/default.aspx?area=privacy&page=1284 |title=Title III of The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (Wiretap Act) |website=Justice Information Sharing |publisher=DHS/Office for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties and the DHS/Privacy Office in cooperation with the DOJ, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance |access-date=2012-03-20}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[optical fibers]] become a medium for telecommunications. These fiber lines, "long, thin strands of glass that carry signals via laser light," are more secure than radio and have become very cheap. From the 1990s to the present, the majority of communications between fixed locations has been achieved by fiber. Because these fiber communications are wired, they are protected under U.S. law.<ref name="ISSUU" /><ref name="SCIENTIFIC">{{Cite magazine |last1=Diffie |first1=Whitfield |last2=Landau |first2=Susan |date=September 2008 |title=Internet Eavesdropping: A Brave New World of Wiretapping |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/internet-eavesdropping/ |magazine=Scientific American |access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref> In 1978, the US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) created a "secret federal court" for issuing wiretap warrants in national security cases. This was in response to findings from the Watergate break-in, which allegedly uncovered a history of presidential operations that had used surveillance on domestic and foreign political organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fjc.gov/history/courts/foreign-intelligence-surveillance-court-and-court-review-1978-present |title=Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and Court of Review, 1978–present |website=Federal Judicial Center |access-date=2014-07-22}}</ref> A difference between US wiretapping in the US and elsewhere is that, when operating in other countries, "American intelligence services could not place wiretaps on phone lines as easily as they could in the U.S." Also, in the US, wiretapping is regarded as an extreme investigative technique, while communications are often intercepted in some other countries. The National Security Agency (NSA) "spends billions of dollars every year intercepting foreign communications from ground bases, ships, airplanes and satellites".<ref name="SCIENTIFIC" /> FISA distinguishes between U.S. persons and foreigners, between communications inside and outside the U.S., and between wired and wireless communications. Wired communications within the United States are protected, since intercepting them requires a warrant,<ref name="SCIENTIFIC" /> but there is no regulation of US wiretapping elsewhere. In 1994, Congress approved the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), which “requires telephone companies to be able to install more effective wiretaps. In 2004, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[United States Department of Justice]] (DOJ), [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives]] (ATF), and [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) wanted to expand CALEA requirements to VoIP service.”<ref name="ISSUU" /><ref name="SCIENTIFIC" /> The [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) ruled in August 2005 that “broadband-service providers and interconnected [[VoIP]] providers fall within CALEA's scope. Currently, instant messaging, web boards and site visits are not included in CALEA's jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://it.toolbox.com/blogs/bobley/the-instant-expert-guide-to-calea-072312 |title=The Instant Expert Guide to CALEA |last=Edwards |first=John <!--Incorrect author added when article moved to new website --> |date=<!--Original undated--> |publisher=VoIP News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711144311/http://www.voip-news.com/feature/guide-calea-030608/ |archive-date=2012-07-11 |access-date=2010-06-01}}</ref> In 2007 Congress amended FISA to "allow the government to monitor more communications without a warrant". In 2008 President [[George W. Bush]] expanded the surveillance of internet traffic to and from the U.S. government by signing a national security directive.<ref name="ISSUU" /> The [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)]] controversy was discovered in December 2005. It aroused much controversy after then President [[George W. Bush]] admitted to violating a specific federal statute (FISA) and the warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment to the [[United States Constitution]]. The President claimed his authorization was consistent with other federal statutes ([[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists|AUMF]]) and other provisions of the Constitution, also stating that it was necessary to keep America safe from [[terrorism]] and could lead to the capture of notorious terrorists responsible for the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 25, 2001|title=Text: Bush Signs Anti-Terrorism Legislation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/bushtext_102601.html|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' and other media reported a [[whistleblower|lamplighter]] disclosed a "Quantico Circuit", a 45-megabit/second DS-3 line linking a carrier's most sensitive network in an affidavit that was the basis for a lawsuit against Verizon Wireless. The circuit provides direct access to all content and all information concerning the origin and termination of telephone calls placed on the Verizon Wireless network as well as the actual content of calls, according to the filing.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/03/whistleblower-f/ |title=Whistle-Blower: Feds Have a Backdoor Into Wireless Carrier – Congress Reacts |last=Poulsen |first=Kevin |date=2008-03-06 |magazine=WIRED |access-date=2010-06-01 |department=Threat Level}}</ref>
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