Editing Working poor (section)

==Obstacles to uplift==
The working poor face many of the same daily life struggles as the nonworking poor, but they also face some unique obstacles.  Some studies, many of them [[Qualitative research|qualitative]], provide detailed insights into the obstacles that hinder workers' ability to find jobs, keep jobs, and make ends meet.  Some of the most common struggles faced by the working poor are finding affordable housing, arranging transportation to and from work, buying basic necessities, arranging childcare, having unpredictable work schedules, juggling two or more jobs, and coping with low-status work.

'''Housing'''<br />
Working poor people who do not have friends or relatives with whom they can live often find themselves unable to rent an apartment of their own.  Although the working poor are employed at least some of the time, they often find it difficult to save enough money for a deposit on a rental property.  As a result, many working poor people end up in living situations that are actually more costly than a month-to-month rental.  For instance, many working poor people, especially those who are in some kind of transitional phase, rent rooms in week-to-week [[motel]]s.  These motel rooms tend to cost much more than a traditional rental, but they are accessible to the working poor because they do not require a large deposit.  If someone is unable or unwilling to pay for a room in a motel, they might live in their car, in a homeless shelter, or on the street.  This is not a marginal phenomenon; in fact, according to the 2008 US Conference of Mayors, one in five homeless people are currently employed.<ref name=Mayors>{{cite web|last=US Conference of Mayors|title=2008 Status Report on Hunger & Homelessness|url=http://usmayors.org/pressreleases/documents/hungerhomelessnessreport_121208.pdf|access-date=22 November 2011|archive-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118151035/http://usmayors.org/pressreleases/documents/hungerhomelessnessreport_121208.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some working poor people are able to access [[housing subsidies]] (such as a [[Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher]]) to help cover their housing expenses.  However, these housing subsidies are not available to everyone who meets the Section 8 income specifications.  In fact, less than 25% of people who qualify for a housing subsidy receive one.<ref name="briggs">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CuJcHoxUxDkC&q=moving+to+opportunity|title=Moving to Opportunity|last1=de Souza Briggs|first1=Xavier|last2=Popkin|first2=Susan J.|last3=Goering|first3=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-539371-2|location=Oxford}}</ref>

'''Education'''<br />
The issue with education starts many times with the working poor from childhood and follows them into their struggle for a substantial income. Children growing up in families of the working poor are not provided the same educational opportunities as their middle-class counterpart. In many cases the low income community is filled with schools that are lacking necessities and support needed to form a solid education.<ref>Fulton, David. 2000. "Teach the Children: Who Decides." ''The New York Times''. (19 September): A19.</ref> This follows students as they continue in education. In many cases this hinders the possibility for America's youth to continue on to higher education. 

The grades and credits are not attained in many cases, and the lack of guidance in the schools leaves the children of the working poor with no degree. Also, the lack of funds for continuing education causes these children to fall behind. In many cases, their parents did not continue on into higher education and because of this have a difficult time finding jobs with salaries that can support a family. Today a college degree is a requirement for many jobs, and it is the low skill jobs that usually only require a high school degree or [[General Educational Development|GED]]. The [[Education inequality|inequality]] in available education continues the vicious cycle of families entering into the working poor.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

'''Transportation'''<br />
Given the fact that many working poor people do not own a car or cannot afford to drive their car, where they live can significantly limit where they are able to work, and vice versa.<ref name="Ehrenreich">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfAgn7KXggIC&q=nickel+and+dimed|title=Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America|last=Ehrenreich|first=Barbara|publisher=Holt Paperbacks|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8050-8838-0|location=New York}}</ref>  Given the fact that public transportation in many US cities is sparse, expensive, or non-existent, this is a particularly salient obstacle.  Some working poor people are able to use their social networks—if they have them—to meet their transportation needs.  In a study on low-income single mothers, Edin and Lein found that single mothers who had someone to drive them to and from work were much more likely to be able to support themselves without relying on government aid.<ref name="Edin and Lein">{{cite journal|last1=Edin|first1=Katherine|last2=Lein|first2=Laura|year=1997|title=Work, Welfare, and Single Mothers' Economic Survival Strategies|journal=American Journal of Sociology|volume=62|issue=2|pages=253–266|doi=10.2307/2657303|jstor=2657303}}</ref>

'''Basic necessities'''<br />
Like the unemployed poor, the working poor struggle to pay for basic necessities like food, clothing, housing, and transportation.  In some cases, however, the working poor's basic expenses can be higher than the unemployed poor's.  For instance, the working poor's clothing expenses may be higher than the unemployed poor's because they must purchase specific clothes or uniforms for their jobs.<ref name=Ehrenreich />  Also, because the working poor are spending much of their time at work, they may not have the time to prepare their own food.  In this case, they may frequently resort to eating [[fast food]], which is less healthful and more expensive than home-prepared food.<ref name=Ehrenreich />

'''Childcare'''<br />
Working poor parents with young children, especially single parents, face significantly more childcare-related obstacles than other people.  Often, childcare costs can exceed a low-wage earners' income, making work, especially in a job with no potential for advancement, an economically illogical activity.<ref name="Edin and Lein" /><ref name=briggs />  However, some single parents are able to rely on their social networks to provide free or below-market-cost childcare.<ref name="Edin and Lein" /> 

There are also some free childcare options provided by the government, such as the [[Head Start Program]].  However, these free options are only available during certain hours, which may limit parents' ability to take jobs that require late-night shifts. The U.S. "average" seems to suggest that for one toddler, in full-time day care, on weekdays, the cost is approximately $600.00 per month. But, that figure can rise to well over $1000.00 per month in major metro areas, and fall to less than $350 in rural areas. The average cost of center-based daycare in the United States is $11,666 per year ($972 a month), but prices range from $3,582 to $18,773 a year ($300 to $1,564 monthly), according to the National Association of Child Care Resource & Referral Agencies.<ref>{{cite web|title=How much you'll spend on childcare|url=http://www.babycenter.com/0_how-much-youll-spend-on-childcare_1199776.bc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015092318/http://www.babycenter.com/0_how-much-youll-spend-on-childcare_1199776.bc|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 15, 2007|website=www.babycenter.com|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

'''Work schedules'''<br />
Many [[low-wage job]]s force workers to accept irregular schedules.  In fact, some employers will not hire someone unless they have "open availability," which means being available to work any time, any day.<ref name=Ehrenreich />  This makes it difficult for workers to arrange for childcare and to take on a second job.  In addition, working poor people's working hours can fluctuate wildly from one week to the next, making it difficult for them to budget effectively and save up money.<ref name=Ehrenreich />

'''Multiple jobs'''<br />
Many low-wage workers have to work multiple jobs in order to make ends meet. In 1996, 6.2 percent of the workforce held two or more full- or part-time jobs.  Most of these people held two part-time jobs or one part-time job and one full-time job, but 4% of men and 2% of women held two full-time jobs at the same time.<ref name=Stinson>{{cite journal| last=Stinson |first =John|title=New Data on Multiple Jobholding Available from the CPS|journal=Monthly Labor Review |date=March 1997|url=http://bls.gov/mlr/1997/03/art1full.pdf|access-date=22 November 2011}}</ref> This can be physically exhausting and can often lead to short-term as well as long-term health problems.<ref name=Ehrenreich />

'''Low-status work'''<br />
Many low-wage service sector jobs require a great deal of customer service work. Although not all customer service jobs are low-wage or low-status,<ref name=Sherman>{{cite book|last=Sherman|first=Rachel|title=Class Acts: service and inequality in luxury hotels|year=2007|publisher=UC Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-24782-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z5cYjQsFxgC&q=rachel+sherman+hotel+book}}</ref> many of them are.  Some argue{{who|date=March 2016}} that the low status nature of some jobs can have negative psychological effects on workers,<ref name=Ehrenreich /> but others argue that low status workers come up with coping mechanisms that allow them to maintain a strong sense of self-worth.<ref name="Newman">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jfAhghdH7MC|title=No Shame in My Game|last=Newman|first=Katherine|publisher=Vintage Books|year=2000|isbn=978-0-375-70379-9}}</ref><ref name=Lamont>{{cite book|last=Lamont|first=Michèle|title=The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration|year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-674-00306-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehXs95d-BU4C&q=michelle+lamont+the+dignity}}</ref>  

One coping mechanism is called [[boundary-work|boundary work]], which happens when one group of people valorize their own social position by comparing themselves to another group, who they perceive to be inferior in some way. For example, Newman (1999) found that fast food workers in New York City cope with the low-status nature of their job by comparing themselves to the unemployed, who they perceive to be even lower-status than themselves.<ref name="Small and Newman">{{cite journal|last1=Small|first1=Mario Luis|last2=Newman |first2=Katherine |title=Urban Poverty after The Truly Disadvantaged: The Rediscovery of the Family, the Neighborhood, and Culture|journal=Annual Review of Sociology|year=2001|volume=27|issue=1 |pages=23–45|jstor=2678613|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.23}}</ref>