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Adsorption
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==Adsorption solar heating and storage== <!-- Question: Does such a topic really deserve a whole section here on this page. It seems quite exotic and one can legitimately have doubts on its economical efficiency even if the thermal phenomenon in itself is worth to be explained. I would more focus this section on the phenomenon itself than on its potential industrial application which seems uncertain. It is only a relatively ancient patent (1981), not a proven and well developed technique. --> The low cost ($200/ton) and high cycle rate (2,000 Γ) of synthetic zeolites such as Linde 13X with water adsorbate has garnered much academic and commercial interest recently for use for thermal energy storage (TES), specifically of low-grade solar and waste heat. Several pilot projects have been funded in the EU from 2000 to the present (2020).{{citation needed|date = November 2020}} The basic concept is to store solar thermal energy as chemical latent energy in the zeolite. Typically, hot dry air from flat plate solar collectors is made to flow through a bed of zeolite such that any water adsorbate present is driven off. Storage can be diurnal, weekly, monthly, or even seasonal depending on the volume of the zeolite and the area of the solar thermal panels. When heat is called for during the night, or sunless hours, or winter, humidified air flows through the zeolite. As the humidity is adsorbed by the zeolite, heat is released to the air and subsequently to the building space. This form of TES, with specific use of zeolites, was first taught by John Guerra in 1978.<ref>U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,170, "Adsorption solar heating and storage"; Inventor: John M. Guerra; Granted May 26, 1981</ref>
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