Editing Anointing (section)

===Royalty=== <!--linked-->
[[File:Sacre de Louis XV à Reims.jpg|thumb|The anointing of [[Louis XV]] as [[king of France]]]]
[[File:Preussen 1701 Königsberg.jpg|thumb|[[Friedrich I of Prussia|Friedrich&nbsp;I]] being anointed [[king of Prussia]] by two Protestant bishops, following his coronation at [[Königsberg]] in 1701]]
[[File:Balsamdosa i silver från Gustav IIIs kröning, 1772 - Livrustkammaren - 102554.tif|thumb|Ointment in silver box from the coronation of Swedish king [[Gustav III]], 1772, containing lavender and roses]]
[[File:Walentin Serow Kroenung Zar Nikolai II anagoria.jpg|thumb|The anointing of [[Tsar]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas&nbsp;II]] at [[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Uspensky Cathedral]] in [[Moscow]] in 1896]]
{{Further|Coronations in Europe}}
In addition to its use for the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Israelite kingship]], anointing has been an important ritual in [[Coronation|Christian rites of Coronation]], especially in Europe. As reported by the jurisconsult [[Tancred of Bologna|Tancredus]], initially only the kings of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] were crowned and anointed:

{{Blockquote|text={{lang|la|Et sunt quidam coronando, et quidam non, tamen illi, qui coronatur, debent inungi: et tales habent privilegium ab antiquo, et de consuetudine. Alii modo non debent coronari, nec inungi sine istis: et si faciunt; ipsi abutuntur indebite. […] Rex Hierosolymorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Francorum Christianissimus coronatur et inungitur; Rex Anglorum coronatur et inungitur; Rex Siciliae coronatur et inungitur.}}<br /> And [the kings] are both crowned and not, among them, those who are crowned must be anointed: they have this privilege by ancient custom. The others, instead, must not be crowned or anointed: and if they do so unduly it is abuse.<ref>Tancredus, ''De Regibus Catholicorum et Christianorum'' 6:18

(https://books.google.com/books?id=CTVgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA130)</ref>}}

Later French legend held that a vial of oil, the [[Holy Ampulla]], descended from [[Heaven]] to anoint [[Clovis&nbsp;I]] as the [[king of the Franks]] following his conversion to Christianity in 493. The [[Kingdom of the Visigoths|Visigoth]] [[Wamba (king)|Wamba]] is the earliest [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] king known to have been anointed,{{sfnp|Lupoi|2000|pp=251&nbsp;f}}{{sfnp|Moorhead|2001|p=173}} although the practice apparently preceded him in Spain.{{sfnp|Darras|1866|p=270}}{{refn|group=n|See [[Paul David King|King]] for the argument in favor of dating the practice to the 631 coronation of [[Sisenand]].{{sfnp|King|1972|pp=48–49}} }} The ceremony, which closely followed the rite described by the [[Old Testament]].,{{sfnp|Wolfram|1997|pp=273–274}} was performed in 672 by [[Quiricus (bishop of Toledo)|Quiricus]], the [[archbishop of Toledo]];{{sfnp|Darras|1866|p=270}} It was apparently copied a year later when [[Flavius Paulus]] defected and joined the [[Septimania]]n rebels he had been tasked with quieting.{{refn|group=n|The rebel general began his letter to his former liege "Flavius Paulus, anointed king in the east, [sends his greetings] to Wamba, king in the east" ({{lang|la|Flavius Paulus unctus rex orientalis Wambani regi austro}}).{{sfnp|Wolfram|1997|p=273}}}}{{sfnp|Wolfram|1997|p=273}} The rite epitomized the Catholic Church's sanctioning the monarch's rule; it was notably employed by [[usurper]]s such as [[Pepin the Short|Pepin]], [[Carolingian dynasty|whose dynasty]] replaced the [[Merovingians]] in 751. While it might be argued that the practice subordinated the king to the church, in practice the sacral anointing of kings was seen as elevating the king to priestly or even saintly status.{{sfnp|Lupoi|2000|p=252}}  [[Maurizio Lupoi|Lupoi]] argues that this set in motion the conflicting claims that developed into the [[Investiture Crisis]].{{sfnp|Lupoi|2000|pp=251&nbsp;f.}} At the same time, royal unction recontextualized the elections and popular acclamations still legally responsible for the elevation of new rulers. They were no longer understood as autonomous authorities but merely agents in service of God's will.{{sfnp|Lupoi|2000|p=252}} The nature of anointment was alluded to in [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Richard II (play)|Richard II]]'':
{{blockquote|<poem>Not all the water in the rough rude sea
Can wash the balm off an anointed king.<ref>Shakespeare, William. ''Richard II'', II.ii.</ref></poem>}}

Napoleon was reportedly anointed in the presence of the Pope at [[Coronation of Napoleon|his coronation]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merieau |first=Eugenie |title=French authoritarian constitutionalism and its legacy |publisher=Elgar |date=2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333299673_French_authoritarian_constitutionalism_and_its_legacy}}</ref>

In Eastern Orthodoxy, the anointing of a new king is considered a [[Sacred Mystery]]. The act is believed to empower him—through the [[divine grace|grace]] of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]—with the ability to discharge his divinely appointed duties, particularly his [[Christian ministry|ministry]] in defending the faith. The same ''[[myrrh|myron]]'' used in [[Chrismation]] is used for the ceremony. In [[Russian Orthodox]] ceremonial, the anointing took place during the [[coronation of the Russian monarch|coronation of the tsar]] towards the end of the service, just before his receipt of [[Holy Communion]]. The sovereign and his consort were escorted to the [[Holy Doors]] ([[Iconostasis]]) of the cathedral and jointly anointed by the [[metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]]. Afterwards, the tsar was taken alone through the Holy Doors—an action normally reserved only for priests—and received communion at a small table set next to the [[Holy Table]].

In the present day, royal unction is less common, being practiced only upon the monarchs of [[Monarch of the United Kingdom|Britain]] and of [[Monarch of Tonga|Tonga]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The utensils for the practice are sometimes reckoned as [[regalia]], like the [[ampulla]] and [[spoon]] used in the [[Kingdom of France]] and the [[anointing horn]]s used in [[Kingdom of Sweden|Sweden]] and [[Kingdom of Norway|Norway]].{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The Biblical formula is not necessarily followed. For the 1626 coronation of King [[Charles I of England]], the holy oil was made of a concoction of [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[jasmine]], distilled roses, distilled [[cinnamon]], and [[ben oil]].