Editing Anti-German sentiment (section)

==== Late 19th -Early 20th centuries ====

===== Fears after German Unification =====
Negative comments about Germany were first made in Britain in the 1870s, following the Prussian victory in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1870–71.<ref>Paul M. Kennedy, "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939." ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 25 (1975): 137–156.</ref><ref>Paul M. Kennedy, ''The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860-1914'' 1980).</ref> British war planners believed that they needed to prevent a possible German invasion of Britain.<ref>David G. Morgan-Owen, ''The Fear of Invasion: Strategy, Politics, and British War Planning, 1880–1914'' (Oxford University Press, 2017).</ref>

===== Literature =====
German advances eventually lead to the popularity of [[invasion novel|invasion novels]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Scully|title=British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism & Ambivalence, 1860–1914|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XC5qaGcZpyAC&pg=PA98|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=100|isbn=9781137283467}}</ref>
[[File:The Battle of Dorking (1871).jpg|thumb|"The Battle of Dorking (1871)" in which England is invaded by Germany]]
According to Alfred Vagts "[[The Battle of Dorking]]":<blockquote> appeared first in ''Blackwood's Magazine'' in the summer of 1871, at a time when the German Crown Prince and his English wife [the daughter of Queen Victoria] were visiting England. Impressed by the late German victories, the author, a Colonel Chesney, who remained anonymous for some time, told the story of how England, in 1875, would be induced by an insurrection of the natives in India, disturbances in Ireland, and a conflict with the United States threatening Canadian security, to employ her navy and standing army far from her own shores; in spite of this dangerous position England, on account of a quarrel with Germany over Denmark, would declare war on Germany. The latter would land an army in England which would conquer the remaining parts of the British army and the Volunteers, who would join it at Dorking, and would force upon England a disastrous peace.<ref>Vagts, 1940 p. 54</ref></blockquote>

In 1894, the newspaper publisher Lord [[Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe]] commissioned author [[William Le Queux]] to write the serial novel ''[[The Great War in England in 1897]]'', which featured France and Russia combining their forces in an attempt to crush Britain. Happily, German intervention on Britain's side forced France and Russia to retreat. Twelve years later, however, Harmsworth asked him to reverse the enemies, making Germany the villain. The result was the bestselling ''[[The Invasion of 1910]]'', which originally appeared in serial form in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' in 1906. Now, Harmsworth used his newspapers the "Daily Mail" and "The Times" to denounce Berlin, inducing an atmosphere of paranoia, mass hysteria and Germanophobia that would reach their climax in the Naval Scare of 1908–09.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Usandizaga | first1 = Aránzazu | first2 = Andrew | last2 = Monnickendam | title = Dressing Up For War | publisher = Rodopi | year = 2001 | pages = 60–61 | isbn = 978-90-420-1367-4}}</ref><ref>J. Lee Thompson, ''Politicians, the Press and Propaganda. Lord Northcliffe and the Great War, 1914–1919'' (Kent State University Press, 1999).</ref>

=====Discrimination =====

====== Economic ======
[[German cuisine|German food]] such as the sausage was deprecated by Germanophobes.<ref>Keir Waddington, "'We don't want any German sausages here!' food, fear, and the German nation in Victorian and Edwardian Britain." ''Journal of British Studies'' 52.4 (2013): 1017-1042. [http://orca.cf.ac.uk/38815/1/Waddington%202013.pdf online]</ref> In the late 19th century, the label ''[[Made in Germany]]'' was introduced. The label was originally introduced in Britain by the [[Merchandise Marks Act 1887]] ([[50 & 51 Vict.]] c. 28), to mark foreign produce more obviously, as foreign manufacturers had been falsely marking inferior goods with the marks of renowned British manufacturing companies and importing them into the United Kingdom. Most of these were found to be originating from Germany, whose government had introduced a protectionist policy to legally prohibit the import of goods in order to build up domestic industry (Merchandise Marks Act – Oxford University Press).<ref>{{cite news|title=Dreist, dreister, Deutschland|url=http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/made-in-germany-vom-stigma-zum-qualitaetssiegel-a-947688.html|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=24 August 2012 |access-date=24 August 2012|last1=Lutteroth |first1=Johanna }}</ref>

====== Nativism ======
In the 1890s, German immigrants in the UK were the targets of "some hostility". Joseph Bannister believed that German residents of Britain were mostly "gambling-house keepers, hotel-porters, barbers, 'bullies', runaway conscripts, bath-attenders, street musicians, criminals, bakers, [[Socialism|socialists]], [[wikt:chapman|cheap clerks]], etc.". Interviewees for the Royal Commission on Alien Immigration believed that Germans were involved in [[prostitution]] and [[burglary]], and many people also believed that Germans who were working in Britain were threatening the livelihoods of Britons by being willing to work for longer hours.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Herbert A. Strauss]]|title=Germany – Great Britain – France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoQuWDqb4nIC&pg=PA352|year=1993|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|pages=352–54|isbn=9783110855616}}</ref>

===== Rising political tensions =====
Following the signing of the [[Entente Cordiale]] alliance in 1904 between the United Kingdom and France, official relationships cooled, as did popular attitudes towards Germany and German residents in Britain. A fear of German militarism replaced a previous admiration for German culture and literature. At the same time, journalists produced a stream of articles on the threat posed by Germany.<ref>R. B. Mowat, "Great Britain and Germany in the Early Twentieth Century," ''English Historical Review'' (1931) 46#183 pp. 423–441 {{jstor|552674}}</ref> In the [[Daily Telegraph Affair|''Daily Telegraph'' Affair]] of 1908–09, the Kaiser, in a badly misjudged attempt to show Germany's friendship towards England, said that he was among a minority of Germans friendly to Britain, that he had sent a military plan to [[Queen Victoria]] during the [[Boer War]] which the British Army had used successfully, and that Germany's fleet buildup was directed not against Britain but the "[[Yellow Peril|yellow peril]]" of the East.<ref>Thomas G. Otte, "'An altogether unfortunate affair': Great Britain and the Daily Telegraph affair." ''Diplomacy and Statecraft'' 5#2 (1994): 296–333.</ref>

Articles in Harmsworth's ''Daily Mail'' regularly advocated anti-German sentiments throughout the twentieth century, telling their readers to refuse service at restaurants by Austrian or German waiters on the claim that they were spies and told them that if a German-sounding waiter claimed to be Swiss that they should demand to see the waiter's passport.<ref>Philipp Blom. ''The Vertigo Years: Change and Culture in the West, 1900–1914''. Basic Books, 2010. Pp. 181.</ref> In 1903, [[Erskine Childers (author)|Erskine Childers]] published [[The Riddle of the Sands|''The Riddle of the Sands: A Record of Secret Service'']] a [[1903 in literature|novel]] in which two Englishmen uncover a plot by Germany to Invade England; it was later made into a 1979 film [[The Riddle of the Sands (film)|The Riddle of the Sands]].

At the same time, [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] which combined Germanophobia with [[antisemitism]] were concocted, they focused on the supposed foreign control of Britain, some of these conspiracy theories blamed Britain's entry into the [[Second Boer War]] on international financiers "chiefly German in origin and chiefly Jewish in race".<ref>Panayi, p. 91</ref> Most of these ideas about German-Jewish conspiracies originated from right-wing figures such as [[Arnold White]], [[Hilaire Belloc]], and [[Leo Maxse]], the latter using his publication the ''[[National Review (London)|National Review]]'' to spread them.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

===== Yellow Journalism =====
Anti-German hostility began to intensify in early 1896 when [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] sent the [[Kruger telegram]] to [[Paul Kruger|President Paul Kruger]] of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] congratulating him for repelling the British [[Jameson Raid]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Tipton |first=Frank B. |url={{Google books| 8MCXQlcZNL8C|page=249|plainurl=yes}} |title=A History of Modern Germany Since 1815 |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-520-24049-0 |location=Berkeley |page=249}}</ref> At that time, attacks on Germans in London were reported by the German press, but contrary to the reports, no attacks occurred. The ''[[Saturday Review (London newspaper)|Saturday Review]]'' suggested: "be ready to fight Germany, as ''Germania delenda est''" ("Germany is to be destroyed"), an allusion to [[Cato the Elder]]'s [[Carthago delenda est|coda]] in the [[Second Punic War]]. The Kaiser's reputation was further degraded by his angry tirades and the 1908 [[Daily Telegraph Affair|''Daily Telegraph'' Affair]].<ref>Lothar Reinermann, "Fleet Street and the Kaiser: British Public Opinion and Wilhelm II." ''German History'' 26.4 (2008): 469–485.</ref>