Editing Arabization (section)

===Arabization in Oman===
Despite being a nation of the Arabian Peninsula, [[Oman]] had been home to several native languages other than Arabic,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asmarttranslatorsreunion.wordpress.com/2015/11/11/the-languages-of-oman/ |title=The languages of Oman |last=Cellier |first=Catherine |date=2015| access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> of which [[Kumzari language|Kumzari]] which is the only native [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] in the Arabian Peninsula has been classified as highly endangered by the UNESCO and at risk of dying out in 50 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/06/07/kumzari-the-omani-language-on-the-verge-of-extinction |title=Kumzari, the Omani language on the verge of extinction |date=2019| access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> Before the [[1970 Omani coup d'état|takeover of Qaboos as sultan]], Arabic was only ever spoken by the inhabitants outside the village of [[Kumzar]], in mosques or with strangers, however since the introduction of Arabic-only schools in 1984, Arabic is hence now spoken at both school and village with it being mandatory in school and as TV and radio are also in Arabic meaning virtually all media the people of Kumzar are exposed to is in Arabic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/last-stand-hybrid-language-omans-seafaring-past |title=Last stand of a hybrid language from Oman's seafaring past |date=2016| access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> There has also been an internalization of outsiders' negative attitudes toward the Kumzari language to the point where some Kumzari families have begun to speak Arabic to their children at home.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3093 |title=Kumzari | access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

The [[Modern South Arabian languages]] have also come under threat in Oman. [[Hobyot language|Hobyot]] is considered a critically endangered language.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Al Jahdhami|first=Said|date=October 2016|title=Minority Languages in Oman|journal=Journal of the Association for Anglo-American Studies|volume=4}}</ref> The actual number of speakers is unknown, but it is estimated to be only a few hundred. Most of those who maintain the language are elderly, which adds to the likelihood that language extinction is near. Ethnologue categorizes it as a moribund language (EGIDS 8a). The only fluent speakers that are left are older than the child-bearing age, which ultimately makes integration of the language into subsequent generations highly improbable.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/cloud/hoh|title=Hobyót in the Language Cloud|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-04-30}}</ref> Mechanisms of transmission would have to be created from outside the community in order to preserve it.

The [[Harsusi language]] is also critically endangered, as most Harsusi children now attend Arabic-language schools and are literate in Arabic, Harsusi is spoken less in the home, meaning that it is not being passed down to future generations.<ref name=morris>Morris, M. 2007. "[http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/morris07.htm The pre-literate, non-Arabic languages of Oman and Yemen.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308095916/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/morris07.htm |date=2015-03-08 }}" Lecture conducted from Anglo-Omani and British-Yemeni Societies.</ref> With the discovery of oil in the area and the reintroduction of the [[Arabian Oryx]] in the area which has provided job opportunities for Harsusi men, this has led to them using primarily Arabic or [[Mehri language|Mehri]] when communicating with their co-workers.<ref name=peterson>Peterson, J.E. "[http://jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Southern_Oman.pdf Oman's Diverse Society: Southern Oman.]" In: ''Middle East Journal'' 58.2, 254-269.</ref> These factors have also caused many Harasis to speak Arabic and Mehri in addition to or in place of Harsusi. These pressures led one researcher to conclude in 1981 that "within a few generations Harsusi will be replaced by Arabic, more specifically by the Omani Arabic standard dialect"<ref>Swiggers, P. 1981. "A Phonological Analysis of the Ḥarsūsi Consonants." In: ''Arabica''  28.2/3, 358-361.</ref> though this has not yet materialized. [[UNESCO]] has categorised Harsusi as a language that is "definitely endangered".<ref>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), "[http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1950.html Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]", 2010.</ref>

The [[Shehri language]] has also come under threat in recent years, prior to the Arabization of Oman, Shehri was once spoken from Yemen's [[Hadhramaut]] region to [[Ras Al Hadd]] in Eastern Oman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shuoon.om/?p=110968 |title=النقوش والكتابات الصخرية بسلطنة عمان.. إرث قديم وشواهد على التاريخ |date=25 October 2021 | access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> Until around as little as forty years ago, Shehri was spoken by all of the inhabitants of Dhofar as the common language, including by the native Arabic speakers in Salalah who spoke it fluently. The remainder of Dhofar's inhabitants all spoke Shehri as their mother tongue. Today however Arabic has taken over as the form of mutual communication in Dhofar and is now exclusively spoken by those to whom it is their native tongue. A number of the older generation of Shehri language speakers, particularly those who live in the mountains, do not even speak Arabic and it was only around fifty years ago that most of Dhofar's Shehri speaking population began to learn it. The fact that Arabic has a written form unlike Shehri has also greatly contributed to its decline.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atheer.om/en/39607/shehri-a-native-omani-language-under-threat/ |title=Shehri: A Native Omani Language Under Threat |date=16 September 2017 | access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref>

Another language, [[Bathari language|Bathari]] is the most at risk of dying out with its numbers (as of 2019) at currently anywhere from 12 to 17 fluent elderly speakers whereas there are some middle aged speakers but they mix their ancestral tongue with Arabic instead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hall |first1=Joe |title=The National Newspaper |url=https://www.thenational.ae/uae/race-is-on-to-preserve-an-omani-language-spoken-by-17-people-1.957065 |access-date=29 December 2019 |volume=12|issue=220}}</ref> The tribe seems to be dying out with the language also under threat from modern education solely in Arabic. The Bathari language is nearly extinct. Estimates are that the number of remaining speakers are under 100.<ref name="MSAL">{{cite web|url=http://www.salford.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/173010/MSALProjectInformation.pdf|title=MSAL Project Information|publisher=[[University of Salford]]|access-date=30 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315225507/http://www.salford.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/173010/MSALProjectInformation.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2016}}</ref>