Editing Archivist (section)

==History of the profession==
The first predecessors of archival science in the West are Jacob von Rammingen's manuals of 1571.<ref>The earliest predecessors of archival science - Jacob von Rammingen's two manuals of registry and archival management, printed in 1571, translated by JBLD Strömberg. Lund: Wallin & Dalholm, Lundaboken, 2010</ref> and [[Baldassarre Bonifacio]]'s ''De Archivis libris singularis'' of 1632.<ref>L. Sandri, 'Il "De Archivis" di Baldassare Bonifacio', ''Notizie delle Archive di Stato'', Roma, 1950, p. 95-111.</ref>

In 1883, French archivist Gabriel Richou published the first Western text on archival theory, entitled ''Traité théorique et pratique des archives publiques'' (''Treaty of Theory and Practice of the Public Archives''), in which he systematized the archival theory of the ''[[respect des fonds]]'', first published by [[Natalis de Wailly]] in 1841.<ref>F. Hildesheimer, "Les Premières publications des Archives", ''Histoires de France, historiens de la France'', Paris, 1994, p. 280-299.</ref>

In 1898, three Dutch archivists, Samuel Muller, Johan Feith, and [[Robert Fruin]], published the ''Handleiding voor het ordenen en beschrijven van archieven'' (''Manual for the Arrangement and Description of Archives''). Produced for the Dutch Association of Archivists, it set out one hundred rules for archivists to base their work around. Notably, within these rules, the principle of preserving [[provenance]] and original order was first argued for as an essential trait of archival arrangement and description.<ref name=Cook1997>{{Citation |title=What is Past is Prologue: A History of Archival Ideas Since 1898, and the Future Paradigm Shift |url=http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/viewArticle/12175 |year=1997 |author=Cook, Terry |journal=Archivaria |pages=17–63 |volume=43 |access-date=2013-07-16 }}</ref> Many of these principles were subsequently adopted and developed by the British archivist [[Hilary Jenkinson]] in his ''Manual of Archive Administration'', first published in 1922, with a revised edition appearing in 1937. 

In 1956, [[T. R. Schellenberg]], known as the "Father of American Archival Appraisal",<ref name=Cook1997/> published ''Modern Archives''. Schellenberg's work was intended to be an academic textbook defining archival methodology and giving archivists specific technical instruction on workflow and arrangement. Moving away from Jenkinson's organic and passive approach to archival acquisition, where the administrator decided what was kept and what was destroyed, Schellenberg argued for a more active approach by archivists to appraisal. His primary (administrative) and secondary (research) value model for the management and appraisal of records and archives allowed government archivists greater control over the influx of material that they faced after the Second World War. As a result of the widespread adoption of Schellenberg's methods, especially in the United States of America, modern [[Records Management]] as a separate but related discipline was born.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Theodore R. | last=Schellenberg | year=1956 | title=Modern Archives: Principles and Techniques | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press }}</ref>

In 1972, [[Ernst Posner]] published ''Archives in the Ancient World''. Posner's work emphasized that archives were not new inventions, but had existed in many different societies throughout recorded history.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Archives in the Ancient World|last=Posner|first=Ernst|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1972|pages=1}}</ref> Due to his role in the development of American [[archival theory]] and practice, he was sometimes called "the Dean of American archivists."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ross|first=Rodney|date=October 1981|title=Ernst Posner: The Bridge Between the Old World and the New|journal=The American Archivist|volume=44|issue=4|pages=304–312|doi=10.17723/aarc.44.4.r702n30500165p83|issn=0360-9081}}</ref> Norton promoted the establishment of archives as a profession separate from history or library science and developed the American archival tradition to emphasize an administrator/archivist rather than an historian/archivist. She encouraged learning through experimentation, practical usage, and community discussion.<ref name=Jimerson>{{cite journal |last1=Jimerson |first1=Randal |title=Margaret Cross Norton Reconsidered |journal=Archival Issues |date=2001 |volume=46 |issue=1 |page=51 |url=https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1067&context=history_facpubs}}</ref> While editor of ''The American Archivist'' she emphasized technical rather than scholarly issues, believing that archival records were useful in ways other than scholarly research.<ref name=Lawrimore>{{cite journal|last=Lawrimore|first=E.|year=2009|title=Margaret Cross Norton: Defining and redefining archives and the archival profession|journal=Libraries & the Cultural Record|volume=44|number=2|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/|page=197}}</ref>