Editing Awadhi language (section)

== Grammar ==

=== Comparative grammar ===
Awadhi has many features that separate it from the neighbouring [[Western Hindi]] and [[Bihari languages|Bihari]] vernaculars. In Awadhi, [[noun]]s are generally both short and long, whereas Western Hindi has generally short while Bihari generally employs longer and long forms. The [[Grammatical gender|gender]] is rigorously maintained in Western Hindi, Awadhi is a little loose yet largely preserved, while Bihari is highly attenuated. Regarding [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]], Awadhi is distinguished from Western Hindi by the absence of agentive postposition in the former, agreeing with Bihari dialects. The [[Accusative case|accusative]]-[[Dative case|dative]] postposition in Awadhi is /kaː/ or /kə/ while Western Hindi has /koː/ or /kɔː/ and Bihari has /keː/. The [[Locative case|locative]] postposition in both Bihari and Western Hindi is /mẽː/ while Awadhi has /maː/. The [[pronoun]]s in Awadhi have /toːɾ-/, /moːɾ-/ as personal genitives while /teːɾ-/, /meːɾ-/ are used in Western Hindi. The oblique of /ɦəmaːɾ/ is /ɦəmɾeː/ in Awadhi while it is /ɦəmaːɾeː/ in Western Hindi and /ɦəmrən'kæ/ in Bihari.<ref name=":2" />

Another defining characteristic of Awadhi is the [[affix]] /-ɪs/ as in /dɪɦɪs/, /maːɾɪs/ etc. The neighbouring [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] has the distinctive (i) /laː/ enclitic in [[present tense]] (ii) /-l/ in [[past tense]] (iii) dative postposition /-laː/ which separates it from the Awadhi language.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+First Person Pronouns of Awadhi<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1993|p=252}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
!
! colspan="5" |Singular 'I/me/my'
! colspan="5" |Plural 'we/us/our'
|-
!
!Dir.
!Ag.
!Obl.
!Dat.
!Gen.
!Dir.
!Ag.
!Obl.
!Dat.
!Gen.
|-
!Modern Standard Hindi
|mãĩ <small>मैं</small>
|mãĩ'nē <small>मैंने</small>
|mujh <small>मुझ</small>
|mujhē <small>मुझे</small>
|mērā<sup>*</sup> <small>मेरा</small>
|ham <small>हम</small>
| ham'nē <small>हमने</small>
|ham <small>हम</small>
|hamē̃ <small>हमें</small>
|hamārā<sup>*</sup> <small>हमारा</small>
|-
!Awadhi
|mai (mãy) <small>मै</small>
| –
|ma(h)i <small>महि</small>
| –
|mōr{{ref|asterisk|*}} <small>मोर</small>
|ham <small>हम</small>
| –
|ham <small>हम</small>
|hamai <small>हमै</small>
|hamār{{ref|asterisk |*}} <small>हमार</small>
|-
!<small>(Substitute or other forms in Awadhi)</small>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| –
|mō <small>मो</small>
|mai'kā <small>मइका,</small> mō'kā <small>मोका</small>
| –
| –
| –
| –
|ham'kā <small>हमका</small>
| –
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Second Person Pronouns of Awadhi<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_awa_morsyn-1|title=Linguistic Survey of India|last=Grierson|first=G. A.|date=1967|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|others=The Long Now Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Saxena|1971|p=169}}</ref>
!
! colspan="6" |
Singular <br />
! colspan="6" |Plural
|-
!
!Dir.
!Ag.
!Obl.
!Dat.
!Gen.
!Hon.
!Dir.
!Ag.
!Obl.
!Dat.
!Gen.
!Hon.
|-
!Modern Standard Hindi
|tū
|tū'nē
|tujh
|tujhē
|tērā{{ref|asterisk |*}}
| –
|tum
| tum'nē
|tum
|tumhē̃
|tumhārā<sup>*</sup>
|āp–
|-
!Awadhi
|tū, tui (toi), taĩ (tãy)
| –
|tu(h)i
|  –
|tōr{{ref|asterisk |*}}
|āpu̥
|tum
| –
|tum
|tumai, tohaĩ (tohãy)
|tumār{{ref|asterisk |*}}/tohār{{ref|asterisk |*}}
|āp–
|-
!<small>(Substitute or other forms in Awadhi)</small>
| –
| –
|tō
|tui'kā, tō'kā (tõh'kā)
| –
|
| –
| –
| –
|tum'kā
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|}

;<nowiki>Notes:</nowiki>

:{{note|asterisk|*}}indicates a form inflectable for [[Grammatical gender|gender]] and [[Grammatical number|number]] :
:# mor → ''mōrā (masculine), mōrī (feminine), mōrē (plural)''
:# hamār → ''hamrā (masc.), hamrī (fem.), hamrē (pl.)''
:# tōr→ ''torā (masc.), torī (fem.), torē (pl.)''
:# tumar→ ''tumrā (masc.), tumrī (fem.), tumrē (pl.)''
:# tohār→ ''tohrā (masc.), tohrī (fem.), tohrē (pl.)''