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Basalt
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====Venus==== From 1972 to 1985, five [[Venera]] and two [[Vega program|VEGA]] landers successfully reached the surface of Venus and carried out geochemical measurements using X-ray fluorescence and gamma-ray analysis. These returned results consistent with the rock at the landing sites being basalts, including both tholeiitic and highly alkaline basalts. The landers are thought to have landed on plains whose radar signature is that of basaltic lava flows. These constitute about 80% of the surface of Venus. Some locations show high reflectivity consistent with unweathered basalt, indicating basaltic volcanism within the last 2.5 million years.<ref name="gilmore-etal-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Gilmore |first1=Martha |last2=Treiman |first2=Allan |last3=Helbert |first3=JΓΆrn |last4=Smrekar |first4=Suzanne |title=Venus Surface Composition Constrained by Observation and Experiment |journal=Space Science Reviews |date=November 2017 |volume=212 |issue=3β4 |pages=1511β1540 |doi=10.1007/s11214-017-0370-8|bibcode=2017SSRv..212.1511G |s2cid=126225959 }}</ref>
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