Editing Behavioral ecology (section)

====Sexual conflict====
{{Main|Sexual conflict}}
[[File:Great Tit (Parus major) (2).jpg|thumb|Great tit]]
There is conflict among parents as to who should provide the care as well as how much care to provide. Each parent must decide whether or not to stay and care for their offspring, or to desert their offspring. This decision is best modeled by [[Game theory|game theoretic]] approaches to [[evolutionarily stable strategies]] (ESS) where the best strategy for one parent depends on the strategy adopted by the other parent. Recent research has found response matching in parents who determine how much care to invest in their offspring. Studies found that parent [[great tit]]s match their partner's increased care-giving efforts with increased provisioning rates of their own.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnstone|first=R.A.|author2=Hinde, C.A.|title=Negotiation over offspring care--how should parents respond to each other's efforts?|journal=Behavioral Ecology|year=2006|issue=5|pages=818–827|doi=10.1093/beheco/arl009|volume=17|doi-access=free}}</ref>  This cued parental response is a type of behavioral negotiation between parents that leads to stabilized compensation. Sexual conflicts can give rise to antagonistic co-evolution between the sexes to try to get the other sex to care more for offspring. For example, in the waltzing fly ''[[Prochyliza xanthostoma]]'', ejaculate feeding maximizes female reproductive success and minimizes the female's chance of mating multiply.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Bonduriansky|first1=Russell|last2=Wheeler|first2=Jill|last3=Rowe|first3=Locke|date=2005-02-01|title=Ejaculate feeding and female fitness in the sexually dimorphic fly Prochyliza xanthostoma (Diptera: Piophilidae)|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=69|issue=2|pages=489–497|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.03.018|s2cid=16357692|issn=0003-3472}}</ref> Evidence suggests that the sperm evolved to prevent female waltzing flies from mating multiply in order to ensure the male's paternity.<ref name=":1" />