Editing CANDU reactor (section)

===Foreign sales===
During the 1970s, the international nuclear sales market was extremely competitive, with many national nuclear companies being supported by their governments' foreign embassies. In addition, the pace of construction in the United States had meant that cost overruns and delayed completion was generally over, and subsequent reactors would be cheaper. Canada, a relatively new player on the international market, had numerous disadvantages in these efforts. The CANDU was deliberately designed to reduce the need for very large machined parts, making it suitable for construction by countries without a major industrial base. Sales efforts have had their most success in countries that could not locally build designs from other firms.

In the late 1970s, AECL noted that each reactor sale would employ 3,600 Canadians and result in $300 million in balance-of-payments income.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/906/ "The push to sell Candus abroad"], CBC, 7 December 1978.</ref> These sales efforts were aimed primarily at countries being run by dictatorships or similar, a fact that led to serious concerns in parliament.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/900/ "Selling Candus to 'the wrong people, at the wrong time'"], CBC, 1976.</ref> These efforts also led to a scandal when it was discovered millions of dollars had been given to foreign sales agents, with little or no record of who they were, or what they did to earn the money.<ref>[http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/energy_production/clips/904/ "Mysterious millions spent on Candu sales commissions"], CBC, 14 October 1976.</ref> This led to a [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] investigation after questions were raised about sales efforts in Argentina, and new regulations on full disclosure of fees for future sales.<ref>"$4 million bribe given on Candu Argentina says", ''Toronto Star'', 13 June 1985.</ref>

CANDU's first success was the sale of early CANDU designs to India. In 1963, an agreement was signed for export of a 200 MWe power reactor based on the Douglas Point reactor. The success of the deal led to the 1966 sale of a second reactor of the same design. The first reactor, then known as [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station|RAPP-1]] for "Rajasthan Atomic Power Project", began operation in 1972. A serious problem with cracking of the reactor's end shield led to the reactor being shut down for long periods, and the reactor was finally downrated to 100&nbsp;MW.<ref>"Datafile: India", Nuclear Engineering International, February 1995, p. 22.</ref> Construction of the RAPP-2 reactor was still underway when India detonated its first [[atomic bomb]] in 1974, leading to Canada ending nuclear dealings with the country. Part of the sales agreement was a technology transfer process. When Canada withdrew from development, India continued construction of CANDU-like plants across the country.<ref>David Martin, [http://www.ccnr.org/exports_3.html#3.2 "Exporting Disaster: CANDUs for India"], Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, November 1996.</ref> By 2010, CANDU-based reactors were operational at the following sites: Kaiga (3), Kakrapar (2), Madras (2), Narora (2), Rajasthan (6), and Tarapur (2).

In Pakistan, the [[Karachi Nuclear Power Complex|Karachi Nuclear Power Plant]] with a gross capacity of 137&nbsp;MW<sub>e</sub> was built between 1966 and 1971.

In 1972, AECL submitted a design based on the Pickering plant to Argentina's Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica process, in partnership with the Italian company Italimpianti. High inflation during construction led to massive losses, and efforts to re-negotiate the deal were interrupted by the March 1976 coup led by General Videla. The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]] began commercial operation in January 1984.<ref>David Martin, [http://www.ccnr.org/exports_3.html#3.1 "Exporting Disaster: The Cordoba CANDU"], Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, November 1996.</ref> There have been ongoing negotiations to open more CANDU&nbsp;6 reactors in the country, including a 2007 deal between Canada, China and Argentina, but to date no firm plans have been announced.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=13990 "Canada, Argentina and China to cooperate on Candu projects"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609044738/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=13990 |date=9 June 2011 }}, ''World Nuclear News'', 5 September 2007.</ref>

A licensing agreement with Romania was signed in 1977, selling the CANDU&nbsp;6 design for $5 million per reactor for the first four reactors, and then $2 million each for the next twelve. In addition, Canadian companies would supply a varying amount of equipment for the reactors, about $100 million of the first reactor's $800 million price tag, and then falling over time. In 1980, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] asked for a modification to provide goods instead of cash, in exchange the amount of Canadian content was increased and a second reactor would be built with Canadian help. Economic troubles in the country worsened throughout the construction phase. The first reactor of the [[Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant]] only came online in April 1996, a decade after its December 1985 predicted startup.<ref>David Martin, [http://www.ccnr.org/exports_2.html#2.3 "Exporting Disaster: Romania"], Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, November 1996.</ref> Further loans were arranged for completion of the second reactor, which went online in November 2007.<ref>[http://www.aecl.ca/Reactors/CANDU6/CANDU6-Units/Cernavoda.htm "Cernavoda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606085131/http://www.aecl.ca/Reactors/CANDU6/CANDU6-Units/Cernavoda.htm |date=6 June 2011 }}, AECL.</ref>

In January 1975, a deal was announced for a single CANDU&nbsp;6 reactor to be built in South Korea, now known as the [[Wolseong Nuclear Power Plant|Wolsong-1 Power Reactor]]. Construction started in 1977 and commercial operation began in April 1983. In December 1990 a further deal was announced for three additional units at the same site, which began operation in the period 1997–1999.<ref>David Martin, [http://www.ccnr.org/exports_2.html#2.4 "Exporting Disaster: South Korea"], Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility, November 1996.</ref> South Korea also negotiated development and technology transfer deals with Westinghouse for their advanced System-80 reactor design, and all future development is based on locally built versions of this reactor.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/C_South_Koreas_nuclear_power_independence_2805082.html "South Korea's nuclear power independence"], ''World Nuclear News'', 28 May 2008.</ref>

In June 1998, construction started on a CANDU&nbsp;6 reactor in Qinshan China [[Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant]], as Phase III (units 4 and 5) of the planned 11 unit facility.  Commercial operation began in December 2002 and July 2003, respectively.  These are the first heavy water reactors in China.  Qinshan is the first CANDU-6 project to use open-top reactor building construction, and the first project where commercial operation began earlier than the projected date.<ref>[https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/Downloads/Technology/meetings/2011-Dec-12-16-WS-Paris/2.11-A.KHAN-CanduEnergy.pdf Khan, Azhar, ''Challenges & Successes of Candu Energy (former AECL) in Nuclear Construction: Case Study of China and Romania''], presentation at IAEA Workshop on Construction Technologies for Nuclear Power Plants: A Comprehensive Approach, Paris, December 12–16, 2011.</ref>

CANDU Energy is continuing marketing efforts in China.<ref>url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1441373/candu-energy-inc-welcomes-positive-review-of-afcr-technology-in-china {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110223443/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1441373/candu-energy-inc-welcomes-positive-review-of-afcr-technology-in-china |date=10 November 2014 }}</ref> In addition, China and Argentina have agreed a contract to build a 700 MWe CANDU-6 derived reactor. Construction is planned to start in 2018 at [[Atucha Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha]].<ref name=wnn-20150508>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Argentina-China-talks-on-new-nuclear-plants-08051501.html |title=Argentina-China talks on new nuclear plants |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref name=wnn-20170518>{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Argentina-and-China-sign-contract-for-two-reactors-1805175.html |title=Argentina and China sign contract for two reactors |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=18 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>