Editing Cardiac output (section)

===Electrical cardiometry===
[[Electrical cardiometry]] is a non-invasive method similar to Impedance cardiography; both methods measure thoracic electrical bioimpedance (TEB). The underlying model differs between the two methods; Electrical cardiometry attributes the steep increase of TEB beat-to-beat to the change in orientation of red blood cells. Four standard ECG electrodes are required for measurement of cardiac output. Electrical Cardiometry is a method trademarked by Cardiotronic, Inc., and shows promising results in a wide range of patients. It is currently approved in the US for use in adults, children and babies. Electrical cardiometry monitors have shown promise in postoperative cardiac surgical patients, in both haemodynamically stable and unstable cases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Funk DJ, Moretti EW, Gan TJ | title = Minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring in the perioperative setting | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 108 | issue = 3 | pages = 887–97 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19224798 | doi = 10.1213/ane.0b013e31818ffd99 | s2cid = 15891210 | doi-access = free }}</ref>