Editing Cebuano language (section)

==Dialects==
Cebuano is spoken natively over a large area of the Philippines and thus has numerous regional dialects. It can vary significantly in terms of [[lexicon]] and phonology depending on where it is spoken.<ref name="Endriga 2010"/> Increasing usage of spoken English (being the primary language of commerce and education in the Philippines) has also led to the introduction of new pronunciations and spellings of old Cebuano words. [[Code-switching]] forms of English and Bisaya ([[Bislish]]) are also common among the educated younger generations.<ref name="zuck">{{Cite book |title=Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics |last=Nissan |first=Ephraim |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=9781443864626 |editor-last=Zuckermann |editor-first=Ghil'ad |page=299 |chapter=Asia at Both Ends: An Introduction to Etymythology, with a Response to Chapter Nine |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcxBwAAQBAJ&q=BISLISH&pg=PA299}}</ref><ref name="melerk">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5cXvmMg4_cC&q=BISLISH&pg=PA209 |title=Interactions Across Englishes: Linguistic Choices in Local and International Contact Situations |last=Meierkord |first=Christiane |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780521192286 |location=Cambridge |page=209}}</ref>

There are four main dialectal groups within Cebuano aside from Standard Cebuano and Urban Cebuano. They are as follows:<ref name="eth">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ceb|title=Cebuano|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=28 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="ding">{{Cite book |title=Traveller's Literary Companion to South-East Asia |last=Dingwall |first=Alastair |publisher=In Print Publishing, Limited |year=1994 |isbn=9781873047255 |page=372}}</ref><ref name="blake">{{Cite journal |last=Blake |first=Frank R. |date=1905 |title=The Bisayan Dialects |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=26 |issue=1905 |pages=120–136 |doi=10.2307/592885 |jstor=592885 |doi-access= |jstor-access=free}}</ref><ref name="gonz">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tm4T59MWHNUC |title=Focus on Language and Ethnicity |last=Gonzalez |first=Andrew |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |year=1991 |isbn=9789027220813 |editor-last=Dow |editor-first=James R. |volume=2 |location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia |pages=115–116 |chapter=Cebuano and Tagalog: Ethnic Rivalry Redivivus}}</ref>

=== Boholano ===
The [[Boholano dialect]] of [[Bohol]] shares many similarities with the southern form of Standard Cebuano.{{Clarify|date=December 2023|reason=No part of this article defines what this "southern form of Standard Cebuano" is or what region(s) it applies to.}} It is also spoken in some parts of [[Siquijor]] and parts of Northern Mindanao. Boholano, especially as spoken in central Bohol, can be distinguished from other Cebuano variants by a few [[phonetic change]]s:
* The semivowel ''y'' is pronounced {{IPA|[dʒ]}}: ''iyá'' is pronounced {{IPA|[iˈdʒa]}};
* ''Akó'' is pronounced as {{IPA|[aˈho]}};
* Intervocalic ''l'' is occasionally pronounced as {{IPA|[w]}} when following ''u'' or ''o'': ''kulang'' is pronounced as {{IPA|[ˈkuwaŋ]}} (the same as [[Metro Cebu]] dialect).

=== Leyte ===

====Southern Kanâ====
Southern Kanâ is a dialect of both southern [[Leyte]] and [[Southern Leyte]] provinces; it is closest to the Mindanao Cebuano dialect at the southern area and northern Cebu dialect at the northern boundaries. Both North and South Kana are subgroups of [[Leyteño dialect]]. Both of these dialects are spoken in western and central Leyte and in the southern province, but Boholano is more concentrated in [[Maasin City]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==== Northern Kanâ ====
Northern Kanâ (found in the northern part of [[Leyte]]), is closest to the variety of the language spoken in northern part of Leyte, and shows significant influence from Waray-Waray, quite notably in its pace which speakers from Cebu find very fast, and its more mellow tone (compared to the urban Cebu City dialect, which Kana speakers find "rough"). A distinguishing feature of this dialect is the reduction of {{IPA|/A/}} prominent, but an often unnoticed feature of this dialect is the labialisation of {{IPA|/n/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} into {{IPA|/m/}}, when these phonemes come before {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/m/}}, velarisation of {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} into {{IPA|/ŋ/}} before {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, and the dentalisation of {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and {{IPA|/m/}} into {{IPA|/n/}} before {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} and sometimes, before vowels and other consonants as well.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sugbu
!Kanâ
!Waray
!English
|-
|kan-on
|lutò
|lutò
|cooked rice/maize
|-
|kiní/kirí
|kirí/kiní
|iní
|this
|-
|kan
|karâ/kanâ
|itón
|that
|-
|dinhí/dirí
|arí/dinhí/dirí
|didí/ngadí/aadi/dinhi
|here
|-
|dihâ/dinhâ
|dirâ/dihâ/dinhâ
|didâ/ngadâ/aadâ
|there
|-
|bas/balás
|bas/balás
|barás
|soil/sand
|-
|alsa
|arsa
|alsa
|to lift
|-
|bulsa
|bursa
|bulsa
|pocket
|}

=== Mindanao ===
This is the variety of Cebuano spoken throughout most of [[Mindanao]], and it is the standard dialect of Cebuano in [[Northern Mindanao]].{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

==== Davaoeño ====
{{Distinguish|Chavacano#Castellano Abakay (Davaoeño Chavacano){{!}}Chavacano language: Castellano Abakay (Chabacano de Davao)}}

[[File:Davao City Hall, side (San Pedro, Davao City; 11-26-2021).jpg|thumb|Public health safety reminders on the city hall of [[Davao City|Davao]]]]

A branch of Mindanaoan Cebuano in [[Davao City|Davao]] is also known as Davaoeño (not to be confused with the Davao variant of [[Chavacano]] which is called "Castellano Abakay"). Like the Cebuano of Luzon, it contains some [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] vocabulary, which speakers may use even more frequently than in Luzon Cebuano. Its grammar is similar to that of other varieties; however, current speakers exhibit uniquely strong Tagalog influence in their speech by substituting most Cebuano words with Tagalog ones. This is because the older generations speak Tagalog to their children in home settings, and Cebuano is spoken in other everyday settings, making Tagalog the secondary lingua franca. One characteristic of this dialect is the practice of saying ''atà'', derived from Tagalog ''yatà'', to denote uncertainty in a speaker's aforementioned statements. For instance, a Davaoeño might say ''"Tuá man <u>atà</u> sa baláy si Manuel"'' instead of ''"Tuá man <u>tingáli</u> sa baláy si Manuel"''. The word ''atà'' does exist in Cebuano, though it means 'squid ink' in contrast to Tagalog (e.g. <u>atà sa nukos</u>).{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Other examples include: ''<u>Nibabâ</u> ko sa jeep sa <u>kanto</u>, <u>tapos</u> niulî ko sa among baláy'' ("I got off the [[jeepney]] at the street corner, and then I went home") instead of ''<u>Ninaog</u> ko sa jeep sa <u>eskina</u>, <u>dayon</u> niulî ko sa among baláy''. The words ''babâ'' and ''naog'' mean "to disembark" or "to go down", ''kanto'' and ''eskina'' mean "street corner", while ''tapos'' and ''dayon'' mean "then"; in these cases, the former word is Tagalog, and the latter is Cebuano. Davaoeño speakers may also sometimes add [[Mansakan languages|Bagobo or Mansakan]] vocabulary to their speech, as in ''"<u>Madayawng adlaw</u>, amigo, kumusta ka?"'' ("<u>Good day</u>, friend, how are you?", literally "Good morning/afternoon") rather than ''"<u>Maayong adlaw</u>, amigo, kumusta ka?"'' The words ''madayaw'' and ''maayo'' both mean 'good', though the former is Bagobo and the latter Cebuano.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

One of the famous characteristics of this dialect is disregarding the agreement between the verb "To go (Adto, Anha, Anhi, Ari)" and locative demonstratives (Didto, Dinha, Dinhi, Diri) or the distance of the object/place. In Cebu Cebuano dialect, when the verb "to go" is distal (far from both the speaker and the listener), the locative demonstrative must be distal as well (e.g. <u>''Adto didto''</u>''.'' Not "''Adto diri''" or "''Anha didto''"). In Davaoeño Cebuano on the other hand does not necessarily follow that grammar. Speakers tend to say ''<u>Adto diri</u>'' instead of ''<u>Ari diri</u>'' probably due to grammar borrowing from [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] because ''kadto/mokadto'' is the Hiligaynon word for "come" or "go" in general regardless the distance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dialectology of Cebuano: Similarities and differences {{!}} Binisaya ! |url=https://www.binisaya.com/content/dialectology-cebuano-similarities-and-differences |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.binisaya.com}}</ref>

===Negros===

[[File:NIR Language Map.png|thumb|Language map showing the [[Negros Island]] almost separating the two provinces (Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental) linguistically]]

The Cebuano dialect in [[Negros (Philippines)|Negros]] is somewhat similar to Standard Cebuano (spoken by the majority of the provincial areas of Cebu), with distinct [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] influences. It is distinctive in retaining {{IPA|/l/}} sounds and longer word forms as well. It is the primary dialectal language of the entire province of [[Negros Oriental]] and northeastern parts of [[Negros Occidental]] (while the majority of the latter province and its bordered areas speaks Hiligaynon/Ilonggo), as well as some parts of [[Siquijor]]. Examples of Negrense Cebuano's distinction from other Cebuano dialects is the usage of the word ''maot'' instead of ''batî'' ("ugly"), ''alálay'', ''kalálag'' instead of ''kalag-kalag'' (Halloween), ''kabaló/kahibaló'' and ''kaágo/kaantígo'' instead of ''kabawó/kahíbawó'' ("know").{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Luzon ===
There is no specific [[Luzonian]] dialect of Cebuano, as speakers of Cebuano in Luzon come from many different regions in Central Visayas and Mindanao. Cebuano-speaking people from Luzon can be easily recognized in the Visayas primarily by their vocabulary, which incorporates [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] words. Their accents and some aspects of their grammar can also sometimes exhibit Tagalog influence. Such [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]-influenced Cebuano dialects are sometimes colloquially known as "[[Bisalog]]" (a [[portmanteau]] of Tagalog and Bisaya).{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

===Saksak sinagol===
The term [[wikt:saksak sinagol|saksak sinagol]] in context means "a collection of miscellaneous things" or literally "inserted mixture", thus the few other Cebuano-influenced regions that have a variety of regional languages use this term to refer to their dialects with considerable incorporated Cebuano words. Examples of these regions can be found in places like [[Masbate]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}