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Cellular differentiation
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====DNA methylation==== Regulation of gene expression is further achieved through DNA methylation, in which the [[DNA methyltransferase]]-mediated methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides maintains heritable repression by controlling DNA accessibility.<ref name = "Meissner"/> The majority of CpG sites in embryonic stem cells are unmethylated and appear to be associated with H3K4me3-carrying nucleosomes.<ref name= "Christophersen"/> Upon differentiation, a small number of genes, including OCT4 and NANOG,<ref name = "Meissner"/> are methylated and their promoters repressed to prevent their further expression. Consistently, DNA methylation-deficient embryonic stem cells rapidly enter [[apoptosis]] upon in vitro differentiation.<ref name= "Christophersen"/>
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