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Centaurea diffusa
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==Sources== # [https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152513/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Centaurea_diffusa.html Washington State weed info: Diffuse knapweed] # [http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/diffknap.htm Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)] # {{cite journal | last=Baker | first=H. G. | year=1974 | title=The Evolution of Weeds | journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume=5 | pages=1β24 | doi=10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000245 }} # K. Bossick, ''Wood River Journal''. A16 (2004). # {{cite journal | first1=Ragan M. | last1=Callaway | first2=Wendy M. | last2=Ridenour | year=2004 | title=Novel weapons: invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability | journal= Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment| volume=2 | issue=8 | pages=436β443 | doi= 10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0436:NWISAT]2.0.CO;2| issn=1540-9295 | url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/223 | url-access=subscription }} # {{cite journal | first1=Ragan M. | last1=Callaway | first2=Erik T. | last2=Aschehoug | year=2000 | title=Invasive Plants Versus Their New and Old Neighbors: A Mechanism for Exotic Invasion | journal=Science | volume=290 | issue=5491 | pages=521β523 | doi=10.1126/science.290.5491.521 | pmid=11039934 | bibcode=2000Sci...290..521C }} # {{cite web | first1=Alan T. | last1=Carpenter | first2=Thomas A. | last2=Murray | title=ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for ''Centaurea diffusa'' Lamarck (synonym ''Acosta diffusa'' (Lam.) Sojak) diffuse knapweed | url=https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/tncweeds/centdif.pdf | accessdate=2019-08-09}} # {{cite journal |author1-link=Chou Chang-hung | first=Chang-Hung | last=Chou | title=Roles of Allelopathy in Plant Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture | journal= Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences | volume=18 | year=1999 | issue=5 | pages=609β636 | doi=10.1080/07352689991309414 }} # {{cite journal | first1=David R. | last1=Clements | first2=Antonio | last2=Di Tommaso | first3=Nicholas | last3=Jordan | first4=Barbara D. | last4=Booth | first5=John | last5=Cardina | first6=Douglas | last6=Doohan | first7=Charles L. | last7=Mohler | first8=Stephen D. | last8=Murphy | first9=Clarence J.| last9=Swanton | title=Adaptability of plants invading North American cropland | journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | volume=104 | issue=3 | date=December 2004 | pages=379β398 | doi=10.1016/j.agee.2004.03.003 }} # {{cite journal | first1=Robert I. | last1=Colautti | first2=Anthony | last2=Ricciardi | first3=Igor A. | last3=Grigorovich | first4=Hugh J. | last4=MacIsaac | year=2004 | title=Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis? | journal=Ecology Letters | volume=7 | issue=8 | pages=721β733 | doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00616.x | doi-access= }} # {{cite journal | last1=Fielding | first1=D. J. | first2=M. A. | last2=Brusven | first3=L. P. | last3=Kish | year=1996 | title=Consumption of diffuse knapweed by two species of polyphagous grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southern Idaho | journal=Great Basin Naturalist | volume=562| pages=22β27}} # {{cite journal | last1=Harrod | first1=R. J. | first2=R. J. | last2=Taylor | year=1995 | title=Reproduction and pollination biology of Centaurea and Acroptilon species, with emphasis on C. diffusa | journal=Northwest Science | volume=69 | pages=97β105}} # {{cite journal | first1=JosΓ© L. | last1=Hierro | first2=Ragan M. | last2=Callaway | year=2003 | title=Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion | journal=Plant and Soil | volume=256 | issue=1 | pages=29β39 | doi=10.1023/A:1026208327014 | s2cid=40416663 }} # {{cite journal | first1=James S. | last1=Jacobs | first2=Roger L. | last2=Sheley | title=Grass Defoliation Intensity, Frequency, and Season Effects on Spotted Knapweed Invasion | journal=Journal of Range Management | volume=52 | issue=6 | date=November 1999 | pages=626β632 | jstor=4003633 | doi=10.2307/4003633 | hdl=10150/643948 | hdl-access=free }} # {{cite journal | first1=Ryan M. | last1=Keane | first2=Michael J. | last2=Crawley | year=2002 | title=Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis | journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=164β170 | doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02499-0 }} # {{cite journal | last1=Kiemnec | first1=G. | first2=L. | last2=Larson | year=1991 | title=Germination and root growth of two noxious weeds as affected by water and salt stresses | journal=Weed Technology | volume=5 | issue=3 | pages=612β615| doi=10.1017/S0890037X00027421 | s2cid=82798671 }} # {{cite web | first=K. | last=Zouhar | date=2001 | title=Centaurea diffusa | work=Fire Effects Information System, [Online] | publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer) | url=https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/cendif/all.html | accessdate=2019-08-09 }} # {{cite web | url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=313&fr=1&sts=sss | first=L. | last=Larson | title=''Centaurea diffusa'' | work=Global invasive species database | publisher=Invasive Species Specialist Group | accessdate=2019-08-09}} # {{cite journal | first1=L. | last1=Larson | first2=G. | last2=Kiemnec | year=2003 | title=Seedling growth and interference of diffuse knapweed and bluebunch wheatgrass | journal=Weed Technol. | volume=17 | pages=79β83| doi=10.1614/0890-037X(2003)017[0079:SGAIOD]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid=85650873 }} # {{cite journal | first1=J. L. | last1=Maron | first2=M. | last2=Vila | first3=R. | last3=Bommarco | first4=S. | last4=Elmendorf | first5=P. | last5=Beardsley | year=2004 | title=Rapid evolution of an invasive plant | journal=Ecol. Monogr. | volume=74 | issue=2 | pages=261β280 | doi=10.1890/03-4027 | url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/biosci_pubs/235 | url-access=subscription }} # {{cite journal | first=Junya | last=Mizutani | year=1999 | title=Selected Allelochemicals | journal=Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. | volume=18 | issue=5 | pages=653β671 | doi=10.1080/07352689991309432 }} # {{cite journal | first1=Heinz | last1=MΓΌller-SchΓ€rer | first2=Urs | last2=Schaffner | first3=Thomas | last3=Steinger | year=2004 | title=Evolution in invasive plants: implications for biological control | journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume=19 | issue=8 | pages=417β422 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.010 | pmid=16701299 | url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/4111/files/1_steinger_eip.pdf }} # {{cite journal | first1=Miquel | last1=Palmer | first2=Marta | last2=Linde | first3=Guillem X. | last3=Pons | title=Correlational patterns between invertebrate species composition and the presence of an invasive plant | journal=Acta Oecologica | volume=26 | issue=3 | date=December 2004 | pages=219β226| doi=10.1016/j.actao.2004.05.005 | bibcode=2004AcO....26..219P }} # {{cite journal | last=Powell | first=R. D. | year=1990 | title=The role of spatial pattern in the population biology of Centaurea diffusa | journal=Journal of Ecology | volume=78 | issue=2 | pages=374β388| doi=10.2307/2261118 | jstor=2261118 }} # {{cite journal | first=Elroy L. | last=Rice | year=1977 | title=Some roles of allelopathic compounds in plant communities | journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology | volume=5 | issue=3 | pages=201β206 | doi=10.1016/0305-1978(77)90005-9 }} # {{cite journal | author1=Sakai, Ann K. | author2=Allendorf, Fred W. | author3=Holt, Jodie S. | author4=Lodge, David M. | last5=Molofsky, Jane | author6=With, Kimberly A. | author7=Baughman, Syndallas | author8=Cabin, Robert J. <!--| author9=et al. -->| s2cid=27826474 | title=The Population Biology of Invasive Species | journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume=32 | pages=305β332 | date=November 2001 | doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114037 }} # {{cite journal | first1=T. R. | last1=Seastedt | first2=Nathan | last2=Gregory | first3=David | last3=Buckner | title=Effect of biocontrol insects on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) in a Colorado grassland | journal=Weed Science | volume=51 | issue=2 | date=April 2003 | pages=237β245 | doi=10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0237:EOBIOD]2.0.CO;2 | s2cid=34706037 }} # {{cite journal | first1=Roger L. | last1=Sheley | first2=James S. | last2=Jacobs | first3=Michael F. | last3=Carpinelli | title=Distribution, Biology, and Management of Diffuse Knapweed (''Centaurea diffusa'') and Spotted Knapweed (''Centaurea maculosa'') | journal=Weed Technology | volume=12 | issue=2 | pages=353β362 | date=2017-06-12 | doi=10.1017/S0890037X00043931 | s2cid=85850618 }} # {{cite journal | last1=Thompson | first1=D. J. | first2=D. G. | last2=Stout | year=1991 | title=Duration of the juvenile period in diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) | journal=Canadian Journal of Botany | volume=69 | issue=2 | pages=368β371| doi=10.1139/b91-050 }} # {{cite journal | first1=Montserrat | last1=VilΓ |author-link1=Montserrat VilΓ | first2=Jacob | last2=Weiner | title=Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species? β evidence from pairβwise experiments | journal=Oikos | volume=105 | issue=2 | date=May 2004 | pages=229β238 | doi=10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12682.x }} # {{cite journal | first1=Jorge M. | last1=Vivanco | first2=Harsh P. | last2=Bais | first3=Frank R. | last3=Stermitz | first4=Giles C. | last4=Thelen | first5=Ragan M. | last5=Callaway | title=Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: novel weapons and exotic invasion | journal=Ecology Letters | volume=7 | issue=4 | date=April 2004 | pages=285β292 | doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00576.x }} # {{cite journal | first1=Leslie A. | last1=Weston | first2=Stephen O. | last2=Duke | title=Weed and Crop Allelopathy | journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences | volume=22 | year=2003 | issue=3β4 | pages=367β389 | doi=10.1080/713610861 | s2cid=84429018 }} # {{cite journal | first1=Anthony J. | last1=Willis | first2=Matthew B. | last2=Thomas | first3=John H. | last3=Lawton | title=Is the increased vigour of invasive weeds explained by a trade-off between growth and herbivore resistance? | journal=Oecologia | date=September 1999 | volume=120 | issue=4 | pages=632β640 | doi=10.1007/s004420050899 | pmid=28308315 | bibcode=1999Oecol.120..632W | s2cid=26101345 }} # {{cite journal | first1=Rob | last1=Wilson | first2=K. George | last2=Beck | first3=Philip | last3=Westra | title=Combined effects of herbicides and ''Sphenoptera jugoslavica'' on diffuse knapweed (''Centaurea diffusa'') population dynamics | journal=Weed Science | volume=52 | issue=3 | date=June 2004 | pages= 418β423 | doi=10.1614/P2001-061 | s2cid=84341891 }} # {{cite journal | first1=Dale K. | last1=Whaley | first2=Gary L. | last2=Piper | title=Defusing Diffuse Knapweed - Biological Control of an Explosive Weed | journal=Agrichem. Environ. News | date=June 2002 | issue=194 | url=http://aenews.wsu.edu/June02AENews/June02AENews.htm#Knapweed}}
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