Editing Cholangiocarcinoma (section)

==Epidemiology==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center"
|+ [[Age-standardized mortality rate]]s from intrahepatic (IC) and extrahepatic (EC) cholangiocarcinoma for men and women, by country<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan SA, Taylor-Robinson SD, Toledano MB, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas HC | title = Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours | journal = Journal of Hepatology | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 806–13 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12445422 | doi = 10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00297-0 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | IC (men/women)
! scope="col" | EC (men/women)
|-
! scope="row" | U.S.A.
| 0.60/0.43
| 0.70/0.87
|-
! scope="row" | Japan
| 0.23/0.10
| 5.87/5.20
|-
! scope="row" | Australia
| 0.70/0.53
| 0.90/1.23
|-
! scope="row" | England/Wales
| 0.83/0.63
| 0.43/0.60
|-
! scope="row" | Scotland
| 1.17/1.00
| 0.60/0.73
|-
! scope="row" | France
| 0.27/0.20
| 1.20/1.37
|-
! scope="row" | Italy
| 0.13/0.13
| 2.10/2.60
|}

Cholangiocarcinoma is a relatively rare form of cancer; each year, approximately 2,000 to 3,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States, translating into an annual [[incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of 1–2 cases per 100,000 people.<ref name=Landis1998>{{cite journal | vauthors = Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA | title = Cancer statistics, 1998 | journal = CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–29 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9449931 | doi = 10.3322/canjclin.48.1.6 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Autopsy]] series have reported a [[prevalence]] of 0.01% to 0.46%.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>[http://www.cancer.gov/statistics/ Cancer Statistics Home Page — National Cancer Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> There is a higher prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in Asia, which has been attributed to endemic chronic parasitic infestation. The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma increases with age, and the disease is slightly more common in men than in women (possibly due to the higher rate of [[primary sclerosing cholangitis]], a major risk factor, in men).<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite journal | vauthors = Henson DE, Albores-Saavedra J, Corle D | title = Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates | journal = Cancer | volume = 70 | issue = 6 | pages = 1498–501 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1516001 | doi = 10.1002/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1498::AID-CNCR2820700609>3.0.CO;2-C | s2cid = 10348568 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in people with primary sclerosing cholangitis may be as high as 30%, based on autopsy studies.<ref name="autopsy">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Wiesner RH, Coffey RJ, LaRusso NF | title = Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis | journal = Annals of Surgery | volume = 213 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–5 | date = January 1991 | pmid = 1845927 | pmc = 1358305 | doi = 10.1097/00000658-199101000-00004 }}</ref>

Multiple studies have documented a steady increase in the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; increases have been seen in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.<ref>Multiple independent studies have documented a steady increase in the worldwide incidence of cholangiocarcinoma. Some relevant journal articles include:
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Patel T | title = Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies | journal = BMC Cancer | volume = 2 | pages = 10 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11991810 | pmc = 113759 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2407-2-10 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Patel T | title = Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States | journal = Hepatology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 1353–7 | date = June 2001 | pmid = 11391522 | doi = 10.1053/jhep.2001.25087 | s2cid = 23115927 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shaib YH, Davila JA, McGlynn K, El-Serag HB | title = Rising incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a true increase? | journal = Journal of Hepatology | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 472–7 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15123362 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.11.030 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = West J, Wood H, Logan RF, Quinn M, Aithal GP | title = Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers in England and Wales 1971-2001 | journal = British Journal of Cancer | volume = 94 | issue = 11 | pages = 1751–8 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16736026 | pmc = 2361300 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603127 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Khan SA, Taylor-Robinson SD, Toledano MB, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas HC | title = Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours | journal = Journal of Hepatology | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 806–13 | date = December 2002 | pmid = 12445422 | doi = 10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00297-0 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Welzel TM, McGlynn KA, Hsing AW, O'Brien TR, Pfeiffer RM | title = Impact of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin tumors) on the incidence of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States | journal = Journal of the National Cancer Institute | volume = 98 | issue = 12 | pages = 873–5 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16788161 | doi = 10.1093/jnci/djj234 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The reasons for the increasing occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma are unclear; improved diagnostic methods may be partially responsible, but the prevalence of potential risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma, such as HIV infection, has also been increasing during this time frame.<ref name="riskfactors">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shaib YH, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, Morgan R, McGlynn KA | title = Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 128 | issue = 3 | pages = 620–6 | date = March 2005 | pmid = 15765398 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.12.048 }}</ref>

[[File:Liver tumor types in adults by relative incidence.png|thumb|center|Liver tumor types by relative incidence in adults in the United States, with cholangiocarcinoma at top right.<ref>[https://basicmedicalkey.com/masses-of-the-liver-2/ Table 37.2] in: {{cite book | last=Sternberg | first=Stephen | title=Sternberg's diagnostic surgical pathology | publisher=LWW | location=Place of publication not identified | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4511-5289-0 | oclc=953861627 }}</ref>]]