Editing Cognitive model (section)

====Behavioral dynamics====
Modern formalizations of dynamical systems applied to the study of cognition vary. One such formalization, referred to as “behavioral dynamics”,<ref name="Warren">Warren, W. H. (2006). [http://rci.rutgers.edu/~persci/speakers/Warren_P%26A_PR06.pdf The dynamics of perception and action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918115329/http://rci.rutgers.edu/~persci/speakers/Warren_P%26A_PR06.pdf |date=2017-09-18 }}. Psychological Review, 113(2), 359-389. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.113.2.358</ref> treats the [[Intelligent agent|agent]] and the environment as a pair of [[Coupling (physics)|coupled]] dynamical systems based on classical dynamical systems theory.  In this formalization, the information from the [[Environment (systems)|environment]] informs the agent's behavior and the agent's actions modify the environment. In the specific case of [[Motor cognition|perception-action cycles]], the coupling of the environment and the agent is formalized by two [[Function (mathematics)|functions]].  The first transforms the representation of the agents action into specific patterns of muscle activation that in turn produce forces in the environment.  The second function transforms the information from the environment (i.e., patterns of stimulation at the agent's receptors that reflect the environment's current state) into a representation that is useful for controlling the agents actions.  Other similar dynamical systems have been proposed (although not developed into a formal framework) in which the agent's nervous systems, the agent's body, and the environment are coupled together<ref>Beer, R. D. (2000). Dynamical approaches to cognitive science.  Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4(3), 91-99.</ref><ref>Beer, R. D. (2003). [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.120.3706&rep=rep1&type=pdf The dynamics of active categorical perception in an evolved model agent]. Adaptive Behavior, 11(4), 209-243. doi: 10.1177/1059712303114001</ref>

=====Adaptive behaviors=====
Behavioral dynamics have been applied to locomotive behavior.<ref name="Warren" /><ref>Fajen, B., R., & Warren, W. H. (2003). [http://www.rc.unesp.br/ib/e_fisica/aplab/obstacle%20avoidance.pdf Behavioral dynamics of steering, obstacle avoidance, and route selection]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 343-362.</ref><ref>Fajen, B. R., Warren, W. H., Temizer, S., & Kaelbling, L. P. (2003). [http://cs.ait.ac.th/~mdailey/cvreadings/Fajen-Dynamical.pdf A dynamical model of visually-guided steering, obstacle avoidance, and route selection]. International Journal of Computer Vision, 54, 15-34.</ref>  Modeling locomotion with behavioral dynamics demonstrates that adaptive behaviors could arise from the interactions of an agent and the environment.  According to this framework, adaptive behaviors can be captured by two levels of analysis.  At the first level of perception and action, an agent and an environment can be conceptualized as a pair of dynamical systems coupled together by the forces the agent applies to the environment and by the structured information provided by the environment.  Thus, behavioral dynamics emerge from the agent-environment interaction.  At the second level of time evolution,  behavior can be expressed as a dynamical system represented as a vector field. In this vector field, attractors reflect stable behavioral solutions, where as bifurcations reflect changes in behavior.  In contrast to previous work on central pattern generators, this framework suggests that stable behavioral patterns are an emergent, self-organizing property of the agent-environment system rather than determined by the structure of either the agent or the environment.