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Colonoscopy
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==History== In the 1960s, Niwa and Yamagata at Tokyo University developed the fibre-optic endoscopy device.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wawrzynczak |first=Edward |date=16 February 2019 |title=50 Years of Fibre-optic Colonoscopy |url=https://bshm.org.uk/50-years-of-fibre-optic-colonoscopy/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=British Society for the History of Medicine |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117005132/https://bshm.org.uk/50-years-of-fibre-optic-colonoscopy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After 1968, William Wolff and Hiromi Shinya pioneered the development of the colonoscope.<ref name=Wolff89>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolff WI | title = Colonoscopy: history and development | journal = The American Journal of Gastroenterology | volume = 84 | issue = 9 | pages = 1017–1025 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2672788 }}</ref> Their invention, in 1969 in Japan, was a significant advance over the barium enema and the flexible sigmoidoscope because it allowed for the visualization and removal of polyps from the entire colon. Wolff and Shinya advocated for their invention and published much of the early evidence needed to overcome skepticism about the device's safety and efficacy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=2 September 2011 |title=Dr. William Wolff, Colonoscopy Co-Developer, Dies at 94 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/nyregion/dr-william-wolff-94-colonoscopy-co-developer-dies.html |access-date=10 November 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006175320/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/02/nyregion/dr-william-wolff-94-colonoscopy-co-developer-dies.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the leading medical device companies in the colonoscopy market as of 2023 include: [[Fujifilm]], [[Karl Storz SE]], Pro Scope Systems, [[Olympus Corporation]], [[Medtronic Plc]], [[Steris]] and [[Pentax]] Medical.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lowden |first=Olivia |title=Top companies and takeaways of the endoscopy devices industry |url=https://blog.bccresearch.com/top-companies-and-market-takeaways-of-the-endoscopy-devices-industry |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=blog.bccresearch.com |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117010321/https://blog.bccresearch.com/top-companies-and-market-takeaways-of-the-endoscopy-devices-industry |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2024}} ===Etymology=== The terms ''colonoscopy''<ref name="Dorland1948">{{cite book | vauthors = Dorland WA, Miller EC | date = 1948 | title = The American illustrated medical dictionary. | edition = 21st | location = Philadelphia/London | publisher = W.B. Saunders Company }}</ref><ref name="Dirckx1997">{{cite book | veditors = Dirckx JH | date = 1997 | title = Stedman's concise medical dictionary for the health professions. | edition = 3rd | location = Baltimore | publisher = Williams & Wilkins }}</ref><ref name="Dorland2000">{{cite book | vauthors = Anderson DM | date = 2000 | title = Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary | edition = 29th | location = Philadelphia/London/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo| publisher = W.B. Saunders Company }}</ref> or ''coloscopy''<ref name="Dirckx1997"/> are derived from<ref name="Dirckx1997"/> the ancient Greek noun κόλον, same as English ''colon'',<ref name="Liddell & Scott">{{cite book | vauthors = Liddell HG, Scott R | date = 1940 | title = A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. | location = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon Press }}</ref> and the verb σκοπεῖν, ''look (in)to'', ''examine''.<ref name="Liddell & Scott"/> The term ''colonoscopy'' is however ill-constructed,<ref name="Anastassiades2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Anastassiades CP, Cremonini F, Hadjinicolaou D | title = Colonoscopy and colonography: back to the roots | journal = European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 345–347 | date = 2008 | pmid = 19146195 }}</ref> as this form supposes that the first part of the compound consists of a possible root κολων- or κολον-, with the connecting vowel -o, instead of the root κόλ- of κόλον.<ref name="Anastassiades2008"/> A compound such as κολωνοειδής, ''like a hill'',<ref name="Liddell & Scott"/> (with the additional -on-) is derived from the ancient Greek word κολώνη or κολωνός, ''hill''.<ref name="Liddell & Scott"/> Similarly, colonoscopy (with the additional -on-) can literally be translated as ''examination of the hill'',<ref name="Anastassiades2008"/> instead of the ''examination of the colon''. In English, multiple words exist that are derived from κόλον, such as ''colectomy'',<ref name="Dirckx1997"/><ref name="Foster1891">Foster, F.D. (1891-1893). ''An illustrated medical dictionary. Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages.'' New York: D. Appleton and Company.</ref> ''colocentesis'',<ref name="Dirckx1997"/> ''colopathy'',<ref name="Dirckx1997"/> and ''colostomy''<ref name="Dirckx1997"/> among many others, that actually lack the incorrect additional -on-. A few compound words such as ''colonopathy'' have doublets with -on- inserted.<ref name="Dirckx1997"/><ref name="Dorland2000"/>
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