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Common ostrich
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====Blood composition==== The [[red blood cell]] count per unit volume in the ostrich is about 40% of that of a human; however, the red blood cells of the ostrich are about three times larger than the red blood cells of a human.<ref name=metabolism1>{{Cite journal | last1 = Isaacks | first1 = R. | last2 = Harkness | first2 = D. | last3 = Sampsell | first3 = J. | last4 = Adler | first4 = S. | last5 = Roth | first5 = C. | last6 = Kim | first6 = P. | last7 = Goldman | first7 = R. | doi = 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11700.x | title = Studies on Avian Erythrocyte Metabolism. Inositol Tetrakisphosphate: The Major Phosphate Compound in the Erythrocytes of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) | journal = European Journal of Biochemistry | volume = 77 | issue = 3 | pages = 567–574 | year = 1977 | pmid = 19258| doi-access = free }}</ref> The blood oxygen affinity, known as [[P50 (pressure)|P<sub>50</sub>]], is higher than that of both humans and similar avian species.<ref name=metabolism1 /> The reason for this decreased [[Oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve|oxygen affinity]] is due to the hemoglobin configuration found in common ostrich blood.<ref name=metabolism1 /> The common ostrich's [[tetramer]] is composed of [[hemoglobin]] type A and D, compared to typical mammalian tetramers composed of hemoglobin type A and B; hemoglobin D configuration causes a decreased oxygen affinity at the site of the respiratory surface.<ref name=metabolism1 /> During the [[embryo]]nic stage, [[Hemoglobin E]] is present.<ref name=metabolism2>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0300-9629(76)80046-1 | last1 = Isaacks | first1 = R. E. | last2 = Harkness | first2 = D. R. | last3 = Froeman | first3 = G. A. | last4 = Goldman | first4 = P. H. | last5 = Adler | first5 = J. L. | last6 = Sussman | first6 = S. A. | last7 = Roth | first7 = S. | title = Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism—II. Relationship between the major phosphorylated metabolic intermediates and oxygen affinity of whole blood in chick embryos and chicks | journal = Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–156 | year = 1976 | pmid = 2411 }}</ref> This subtype increases oxygen affinity in order to transport oxygen across the allantoic membrane of the embryo.<ref name=metabolism2 /> This can be attributed to the high metabolic need of the developing embryo, thus high oxygen affinity serves to satisfy this demand. When the chick hatches hemoglobin E diminishes while hemoglobin A and D increase in concentration.<ref name=metabolism2 /> This shift in hemoglobin concentration results in both decreased oxygen affinity and increased P<sub>50</sub> value.<ref name=metabolism2 /> Furthermore, the P<sub>50</sub> value is influenced by differing organic modulators.<ref name=metabolism2 /> In the typical mammalian RBC 2,3 – DPG causes a lower affinity for oxygen. 2,3- DPG constitutes approximately 42–47%, of the cells phosphate of the embryonic ostrich.<ref name=metabolism2 /> However, the adult ostrich have no traceable 2,3- DPG.In place of 2,3-DPG the ostrich uses inositol [[polyphosphate]]s (IPP), which vary from 1–6 phosphates per molecule.<ref name=metabolism2 /> In relation to the IPP, the ostrich also uses [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] to lower oxygen affinity.<ref name=metabolism2 /> ATP has a consistent concentration of phosphate in the cell<ref name=metabolism2 /> {{endash}} around 31% at [[incubation period]]s and dropping to 16–20% in 36-day-old chicks.<ref name=metabolism2 /> However, IPP has low concentrations, around 4%, of total phosphate concentration in embryonic stages, but the IPP concentration jumps to 60% of total phosphate of the cell.<ref name=metabolism2 /> The majority of phosphate concentration switches from 2,3- DPG to IPP, suggesting the result of the overall low oxygen affinity is due to these varying polyphosphates.<ref name=metabolism2 /> Concerning immunological adaptation, it was discovered that wild common ostriches have a pronounced non-specific immunity defense, with blood content reflecting high values of [[lysosome]] and [[phagocyte]] cells in medium. This is in contrast to domesticated ostriches, who in captivity develop high concentration of [[immunoglobulin]] [[antibodies]] in their circulation, indicating an acquired immunological response. It is suggested that this immunological adaptability may allow this species to have a high success rate of survival in variable environmental settings.<ref name= Cooper/>
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