Editing Common starling (section)

==== North America ====
[[File:Sturnus vulgaris in Napa Valley 1.jpg|thumb|alt=Flock of starlings|Flock in the [[Napa Valley]], California|left]]

[[File:NorCal2018 Common Starling at Ritz-Calton Half Moon Bay S0116017.jpg|thumb|At [[Half Moon Bay, California|Half Moon Bay]], California]]

[[File:Flying Starling May 2019.jpg|thumb|A European starling in flight, suburban St. Louis, Missouri]]

Various [[acclimatisation society]] records mention instances of starlings being introduced in Cincinnati, Quebec and New York in the 1870s.<ref name="Fugate2021">{{cite journal |last1=Fugate |first1=Lauren |last2=Miller |first2=John MacNeill |title=Shakespeare's Starlings: Literary History and the Fictions of Invasiveness |journal=Environmental Humanities |date=November 1, 2021 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=301–322 |doi=10.1215/22011919-9320167 |s2cid=243468840 |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/environmental-humanities/article/13/2/301/234995/Shakespeare-s-StarlingsLiterary-History-and-the |access-date=November 26, 2021 |issn=2201-1919|doi-access=free }}</ref> As part of a nationwide effort, about 60 common starlings were released in 1890 into New York's [[Central Park]] by [[Eugene Schieffelin]], president of the [[American Acclimatization Society]]. It has been widely reported that he had tried to introduce every bird species mentioned in the works of [[William Shakespeare]] into North America,<ref name=NYT1>{{Cite news | last =Gup | first =Ted  | title =100 Years of the Starling | newspaper =The New York Times | location = New York| date = 1990-09-01| url =https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/01/opinion/100-years-of-the-starling.html?src=pm }}</ref><ref name="Mirsky">{{cite journal |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=call-of-the-reviled|date=2008-05-23 |journal=[[Scientific American]]|title=Shakespeare to Blame for Introduction of European Starlings to U.S. |first1=Steve |last1=Mirsky }}</ref> but this claim has been traced to an essay in 1948 by naturalist [[Edwin Way Teale]], whose notes appear to indicate that it was speculation.<ref name="Fugate2021" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Strycker|first1=Noah|title=The Thing with Feathers|date=2014|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-1-59448-635-7|page=42}}</ref> About the same date, the Portland Song Bird Club released 35 pairs of common starlings in Portland, Oregon.<ref name="wdfw.wa.gov">{{cite web |url=http://wdfw.wa.gov/living/starlings.html |title=Starlings |author=Link, Russell |work=Living with Wildlife |publisher=Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife |access-date=2013-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908174746/http://wdfw.wa.gov/living/starlings.html |archive-date=2012-09-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Earlier introductions are recorded to have died out within a few years, with the 1890 New York and Portland introductions reported as being the most successful.<ref name="Hofmeister">{{cite journal |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15806 |title=Environmental correlates of genetic variation in the invasive European starling in North America |journal=Molecular Ecology |first1=Natalie |last1=Hofmeister |first2=Scott |last2=Werner |first3=Irby |last3=Lovette|year=2021 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1251–1263 |doi=10.1111/mec.15806 |pmid=33464634 |bibcode=2021MolEc..30.1251H |s2cid=231642505 }}</ref>

The population of the common starling in North America is estimated to have grown to 150&nbsp;million, occupying an area extending from southern Canada and Alaska to Central America.<ref name="Adeney">{{cite web |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Sturnus_vulgaris.html |title=European starling (''Sturnus vulgaris'') |author=Adeney, J M |year=2001 |work=Introduced Species Summary Project |access-date=2013-01-01| publisher = Columbia University }}</ref><ref name="wdfw.wa.gov" />