Editing Convergent evolution (section)

===Bodyplans ===

Swimming animals including [[fish]] such as [[herring]]s, [[marine mammals]] such as [[dolphins]], and [[ichthyosaur]]s ([[Mesozoic era|of the Mesozoic]]) all converged on the same streamlined shape.<ref>{{cite web |title=How do analogies evolve? |url=http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/similarity_ms_08 |publisher=University of California Berkeley |access-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402153740/http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/similarity_ms_08 |archive-date=2017-04-02 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Selden |first1=Paul |last2=Nudds |first2=John |edition=2nd |title=Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgdL9ZP2ftgC&pg=PA133 |year=2012 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-84076-623-3 |page=133 |access-date=2017-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215082234/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgdL9ZP2ftgC&pg=PA133 |archive-date=2017-02-15 |url-status=live}}</ref> A similar shape and swimming adaptations are even present in molluscs, such as ''[[Phylliroe]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deepseanews.com/2015/11/meet-the-sea-slug-that-looks-like-a-fish-lives-in-the-deep-sea-and-glows/ |title=Meet Phylliroe: the sea slug that looks and swims like a fish |last=Helm |first=R. R. |date=2015-11-18 |website=Deep Sea News |access-date=2019-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726003554/http://www.deepseanews.com/2015/11/meet-the-sea-slug-that-looks-like-a-fish-lives-in-the-deep-sea-and-glows/|archive-date=2019-07-26|url-status=live}}</ref> The fusiform bodyshape (a tube tapered at both ends) adopted by many aquatic animals is an adaptation to enable them to [[animal locomotion|travel at high speed]] in a high [[drag (physics)|drag]] environment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/Marine%20Environment%20&%20Secondary%20Marine%20Forms2016.pdf |title=The Marine Environment as a Selective Force for Secondary Marine Forms |last=Ballance |first=Lisa |year=2016 |publisher=UCSD |access-date=2019-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202025138/http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/Marine%20Environment%20%26%20Secondary%20Marine%20Forms2016.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar body shapes are found in the [[earless seal]]s and the [[eared seals]]: they still have four legs, but these are strongly modified for swimming.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Lento, G. M. |author2=Hickson, R. E. |author3=Chambers, G. K. |author4=Penny, D. |date=1995 |title=Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=28–52 |pmid=7877495 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The marsupial fauna of Australia and the placental mammals of the Old World have several strikingly similar forms, developed in two clades, isolated from each other.<ref name=SCM2005>{{cite book |last=Conway Morris |first=Simon |author-link=Simon Conway Morris | year=2005 |title=Life's solution: inevitable humans in a lonely universe |isbn=978-0-521-60325-6 |oclc=156902715 | publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifessolutionine01conw/page/164 164, 167, 170 and 235] |url=https://archive.org/details/lifessolutionine01conw/page/164 }}</ref> The body, and especially the skull shape, of the [[thylacine]] (Tasmanian tiger or Tasmanian wolf) converged with those of [[Canidae]] such as the red fox, ''[[Vulpes vulpes]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Werdelin |first=L. |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |volume=34 |issue=2 |year=1986 |pages=109–117 |title=Comparison of Skull Shape in Marsupial and Placental Carnivores |doi=10.1071/ZO9860109}}</ref>

<gallery heights="170px" mode="packed" caption="Convergence of [[marsupial]] and [[placental mammal|placental]] mammals">
File:Vulpes vulpes skeleton.JPG|[[Red fox]] skeleton
File:Beutelwolf fg01.jpg|Skulls of  [[thylacine]] (left),  [[Canis lupus|timber wolf]] (right)
File:Beutelwolfskelett brehm (cropped).png|[[Thylacine]] skeleton
</gallery>