Editing Data management (section)

==Data management as a foundation of information management==
{{see also|Information management|Knowledge management}}
The distinction between data and derived value is illustrated by the "information ladder" or the DIKAR model.
[[File:DIKAR_model.jpg|thumb|alt=diagram displays the DIKAR model - Data, Information, Knowledge,  Action, Response. A model showing the relationship between data, information and knowledge.|The DIKAR model - Data, Information, Knowledge,  Action, Response. A model showing the relationship between data, information and knowledge.]]

The "DIKAR" model stands for Data, Information, Knowledge, Action, and Result. It is a framework used to bridge the gap between raw data and actionable outcomes. The model emphasizes the transformation of data into information, which is then interpreted to create knowledge. This knowledge guides actions that lead to measurable results. DIKAR is widely applied in organizational strategies, helping businesses align their data management processes with decision-making and performance goals. By focusing on each stage, the model ensures that data is effectively utilized to drive informed decisions and achieve desired outcomes. It is particularly valuable in technology-driven environments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=ologbosere|first1=oluwatosin|title=Critical Overview of Information Management, DIKAR Model and Technology in The 21st Century|year=2021|last2=Akeem|first2=Amodu|journal=International Journal of Business Management and Technology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=35–39|doi=10.1108/eum0000000007150}}</ref>

The "information ladder" illustrates the progression from data (raw facts) to information (processed data), knowledge (interpreted information), and ultimately wisdom (applied knowledge). Each step adds value and context, enabling better decision-making. It emphasizes the transformation of unstructured inputs into meaningful insights for practical use.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Building Successful Information Systems : Five Best Practices to Ensure Organizational Effectiveness and Profitability|last=Savoie|first=Michael J|publisher=Business Expert Press|year=2016|edition=2|location=New York|chapter=2 The Information Ladder|oclc=960738491|isbn=9781631574658}}</ref>