Editing Devanagari transliteration (section)

==Transliteration comparison==
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The following is a comparison<ref name="multiconverter">[http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/table.html Mapping table with 7 methods] of Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari used by [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html ILTP-DC for Sanskrit]. [http://tdil-dc.in/san/transliteration/index_dit.html Sanskrit transliteration tool. Convert from one scheme to another]. Maintained by the 'Indian language technology proliferation and deployment centre' (ILTP-DC) of the government of India. Works with 7 systems: Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS, Velthuis, SLP, WX-system and IAST, Devanagari.</ref> of the major transliteration<ref name="vvconverter">[http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/character-matrix/ Chart: difference between IAST and ISO]. [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/projects/ Aksharamukha transliteration (converter) tool]. Akshara Mukha is an Asian script (two way) converter, freeware. It supports 5 major Latin transliteration conventions such as IAST, ISO, Harvard-Kyoto, ITRANS & Velthuis. It can inter-convert, for example from Velthuis to ISO. It also converts between 20 different South Asian & East Asian scripts.  You can access the project from [http://www.virtualvinodh.com/wp/aksharamukha/ here]. While using the tool, 'source' can be set to for example: ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, and 'target' can be set to a particular script like Devanagari-Hindi. (When you are using a north Indian script, tick the box: Remove 'a'). It can work in reverse too, for example from Hindi to Latin by ISO transliteration.</ref> methods used for Devanāgarī.

===Vowels===
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{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[IAST]]!![[ISO 15919]]
!Monier-Williams72!![[Harvard-Kyoto]]!![[ITRANS]]!![[Velthuis]]!![[SLP1]]!![[WX notation|WX]]!![[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अ}} ||a||a
|a||a||a||a||a||a||a
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|आ}} ||ā||ā
|ā||A||A/aa||aa||A||A||a
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|इ}} ||i||i
|i||i||i||i||i||i||i
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ई}} ||ī||ī
|ī||I||I/ii||ii||I||I||i
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|उ}} ||u||u
|u||u||u||u||u||u||u
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऊ}} |||ū||ū
|ū||U||U/uu||uu||U||U||u
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ए}} ||e||ē
|e||e||e||e||e||e||e
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऐ}} ||ai||ai
|ai||ai||ai||ai||E||E||ai
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ओ}} ||o||ō
|o||o||o||o||o||o||o
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|औ}} ||au||au
|au||au||au||au||O||O||au
|- class="Unicode"
|||||
| |||
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऋ}} ||ṛ||r̥
|ṛi||R
|RRi/R^i||.r||f||q||ri
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ॠ}} ||ṝ||r̥̄
|ṛī||RR
|RRI/R^I||.rr||F||Q||ri
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऌ}} ||ḷ||l̥
|lṛi
|lR||LLi/L^i||.l||x||L
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ॡ}} ||ḹ||l̥̄
|lṛī
|lRR||LLI/L^I||.ll||X||LY
|- class="Unicode"
|||||
| |||
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अं}} ||ṁ||ṁ
|ṉ/ṃ
|M||M/.n/.m||.m||M||M||n, m
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अः}} ||ḥ||ḥ
|ḥ||h
|H||H||.h||H||H
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|अँ}} ||m̐
|m̐
| || || .N|| || ~||az
|- class="Unicode"
|||||
| |||
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ऽ}} ||'||’
| ||'||.a||.a||'||Z
|}

===Consonants===
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The [[Devanāgarī]] standalone consonant letters are followed by an implicit [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|''shwa'']] (/Ə/). In all of the transliteration systems, that /Ə/ must be represented explicitly using an 'a' or any equivalent of ''shwa''.

{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[IAST]]!![[ISO 15919]]
!Monier-Williams72!![[Harvard-Kyoto]]!![[ITRANS]]!![[Velthuis]]!![[SLP1]]||[[WX notation|WX]]||[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|क}} ||ka||ka
|ka||ka||ka||ka||ka||ka||k
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ख}} ||kha||kha
|kha||kha||kha||kha||Ka||Ka||kh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ग}} ||ga||ga
|ga||ga||ga||ga||ga||ga||g
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|घ}} ||gha||gha
|gha||gha||gha||gha||Ga||Ga||gh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ङ}} ||ṅa||ṅa
|n·a||Ga||~Na||"na||Na||fa||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|च}} ||ca||ca
|ća||ca||cha||ca||ca||ca||ch
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|छ}} ||cha||cha
|ćha||cha||Cha||chha||Ca||Ca||chh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ज}} ||ja||ja
|ja||ja||ja||ja||ja||ja||j
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|झ}} ||jha||jha
|jha||jha||jha||jha||Ja||Ja||jh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ञ}} ||ña||ña
|ṅa||Ja||~na||~na||Ya||Fa||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ट}} ||ṭa||ṭa
|ṭa||Ta||Ta||.ta||wa||ta||t
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ठ}} ||ṭha||ṭha
|ṭha||Tha||Tha||.tha||Wa||Ta||th
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ड}} ||ḍa||ḍa
|ḍa||Da||Da||.da||qa||da||d
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ढ}} ||ḍha||ḍha
|ḍha||Dha||Dha||.dha||Qa||Da||dh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ण}} ||ṇa||ṇa
|ṇa||Na||Na||.na||Ra||Na||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|त}} ||ta||ta
|ta||ta||ta||ta||ta||wa||t
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|थ}} ||tha||tha
|tha||tha||tha||tha||Ta||Wa||th
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|द}} ||da||da
|da||da||da||da||da||xa||d
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ध}} ||dha||dha
|dha||dha||dha||dha||Da||Xa||dh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|न}} ||na||na
|na||na||na||na||na||na||n
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|प}} ||pa||pa
|pa||pa||pa||pa||pa||pa||p
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|फ}} ||pha||pha
|pha||pha||pha||pha||Pa||Pa||ph
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ब}} ||ba||ba
|ba||ba||ba||ba||ba||ba||b
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|भ}} ||bha||bha
|bha||bha||bha||bha||Ba||Ba||bh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|म}} ||ma||ma
|ma||ma||ma||ma||ma||ma||m
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|य}} ||ya||ya
|ya||ya||ya||ya||ya||ya||y
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|र}} ||ra||ra
|ra||ra||ra||ra||ra||ra||r
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ल}} ||la||la
|la||la||la||la||la||la||l
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|व}} ||va||va
|va||va||va/wa||va||va||va||v, w
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|श}} ||śa||śa
|ṡa||za||sha||"sa||Sa||Sa||sh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ष}} ||ṣa||ṣa
|sha||Sa||Sha||.sa||za||Ra||sh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|स}} ||sa||sa
|sa||sa||sa||sa||sa||sa||s
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ह}} ||ha||ha
|ha||ha||ha||ha||ha||ha||h
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ळ}} ||ḻa||ḷa|| ||La||La||.la||La||lY||
|}

===Irregular consonant clusters===
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{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[ISO 15919]]!![[Harvard-Kyoto]]!![[ITRANS]]!![[Velthuis]]!![[SLP1]]||[[WX notation|WX]]!![[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|क्ष}}||kṣa|| kSa||kSa/kSha/xa||k.sa||kza||kRa||ksh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|त्र}}||tra||tra||tra||tra||tra||wra||tr
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ज्ञ}}||jña|| jJa||GYa/j~na||j~na||jYa||jFa||gy, jñ
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|श्र}}||śra||zra||shra||"sra||Sra||Sra||shr
|}

===Other consonants===
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NOTE:
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{| class="wikitable"
|- class="Unicode"
![[Devanāgarī]]!![[ISO 15919]]!![[ITRANS]]||[[WX notation|WX]]||[[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|क़}}||qa||qa||kZa||q
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ख़}}||k͟ha||Ka||KZa||kh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ग़}}||ġa||Ga||gZa||gh
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ज़}}||za||za||jZa||z
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|फ़}}||fa||fa||PZa||f
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ड़}}||ṛa||.Da/Ra||dZa||r
|- class="Unicode"
||{{lang|und-Deva|ढ़}}||ṛha||.Dha/Rha||DZa||rh
|}

=== Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919===
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The table below shows just the differences between ISO 15919 and IAST for [[Devanagari]] transliteration.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Devanagari
!ISO 15919
!IAST 
!Comment
|-
||{{lang|hi|ए / े}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ē}}
||{{IAST|e}}
||To distinguish between long and short 'e' in [[Dravidian languages]], 'e' now represents {{lang|hi|ऎ / ॆ}} (short). Note that the use of {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ē}} is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using {{transliteration|inc|ISO|e}} for {{lang|hi|ए}} (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short e.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ओ / ो}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ō}}
||{{IAST|o}}
||To distinguish between long and short 'o' in Dravidian languages, 'o' now represents {{lang|hi|ऒ / ॊ}} (short). Note that the use of {{transliteration|inc|ISO|ō}} is considered optional in ISO 15919, and using {{transliteration|inc|ISO|o}} for {{lang|hi|ओ}} (long) is acceptable for languages that do not distinguish long and short o.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऋ / ृ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|r̥}}
||{{IAST|ṛ}}
||In ISO 15919, ṛ is used to represent {{lang|hi|ड़}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ॠ / ॄ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|r̥̄}}
||{{IAST|ṝ}}
||For consistency with r̥
|-
||{{lang|hi|ऌ / ॢ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|l̥}}
||{{IAST|ḷ}}
||In ISO 15919, ḷ is used to represent {{lang|hi|ळ}}.
|-
||{{lang|hi|ॡ / ॣ}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|l̥̄}}
||{{IAST|ḹ}}
||For consistency with l̥
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{lang|sa|&#9676;&#x902;}}
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ṁ}}
|rowspan="2"|{{IAST|ṁ}}
|rowspan="2"|ISO 15919 has two options about anusvāra. (1) In the simplified nasalisation option, an anusvāra is always transliterated as ''ṁ''.  (2) In the strict nasalization option, anusvāra before a class consonant is transliterated as the class nasal—''ṅ'' before k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ''ñ'' before c, ch, j, jh, ñ; ''ṇ'' before ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; ''n'' before t, th, d, dh, n; ''m'' before p, ph, b, bh, m.<!-- NOTE: http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Hindi-Marathi-Nepali.pdf has an obvious typo, stating “n” before k, etc. http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Malayalam.pdf from the same site correctly says “ṅ” before k, etc. --> ''ṃ'' is sometimes used to specifically represent [[Gurmukhi alphabet|Gurmukhi]] Tippi {{lang|pa| ੰ}}.
|-
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|ṅ ñ ṇ n m}}
|-
||◌ँ
||{{transliteration|inc|ISO|m̐}}
||{{IAST|m̐}}
||Vowel nasalisation is transliterated as a tilde above the transliterated vowel (over the second vowel in the case of a digraph such as aĩ, aũ), except in Sanskrit.
|-
||ळ
||ḻ
||ḷ
||Used in Vedic Sanskrit only and not found in the Classical variant
|}