Editing Digital preservation (section)

==Intellectual foundations==

===''Preserving Digital Information'' (1996)===
The challenges of long-term preservation of digital information have been recognized by the archival community for years.<ref name="Tibbo-2003">{{cite book|last=Tibbo|first=Helen R.|title=On the Nature and Importance of Archiving in the Digital Age|year=2003|volume=57|page=26|doi=10.1016/S0065-2458(03)57001-2|series=Advances in Computers|isbn=9780120121571}}</ref> In December 1994, the [[Research Libraries Group]] (RLG) and Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) formed a Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information with the main purpose of investigating what needed to be done to ensure long-term preservation and continued access to the digital records. The final report published by the Task Force (Garrett, J. and Waters, D., ed. (1996).  "Preserving digital information: Report of the task force on archiving of digital information."<ref>{{cite book|author=Donald Waters |author2=John Garrett |title=Preserving digital information: Report of the task force on archiving of digital information |isbn=978-1-88733450-1 |year=1996 |publisher=CLIR |url=http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub63 |access-date=November 15, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909083506/http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub63 |archive-date=September 9, 2015 }}</ref>) became a fundamental document in the field of digital preservation that helped set out key concepts, requirements, and challenges.<ref name="Tibbo-2003"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Principles and Good Practice for Preserving Data. IHSN Working Paper No 003 |publisher=International Household Survey Network |date=December 2009 |url=http://www.surveynetwork.org/home/sites/default/files/resources/IHSN-WP003.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320082312/http://www.surveynetwork.org/home/sites/default/files/resources/IHSN-WP003.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Task Force proposed development of a national system of digital archives that would take responsibility for long-term storage and access to digital information; introduced the concept of trusted digital repositories and defined their roles and responsibilities;  identified five features of digital information integrity (content, fixity, reference, provenance, and context) that were subsequently incorporated into a definition of Preservation Description Information in the Open Archival Information System Reference Model; and defined migration as a crucial function of digital archives. The concepts and recommendations outlined in the report laid a foundation for subsequent research and digital preservation initiatives.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Ross|title=Preserving Digital Materials|year=2012|publisher=Berlin, K. G. Saur|isbn=9783110253689|pages=97, 156}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Conway|first=Paul|title=Preservation in the Age of Google: Digitization, Digital Preservation, and Dilemmas|journal=The Library Quarterly|year=2010|volume=80|issue=1|pages=66–67|jstor=648463|doi=10.1086/648463|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/85223/1/J15%20Conway%20Preservation%20Age%20of%20Google%202010.pdf|hdl=2027.42/85223|s2cid=57213909}}</ref>

===OAIS===
To standardize digital preservation practice and provide a set of recommendations for preservation program implementation, the Reference Model for an [[Open Archival Information System]] ([[OAIS]]) was developed, and published in 2012. OAIS is concerned with all technical aspects of a digital object's life cycle: ingest, archival storage, data management, administration, access and preservation planning.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harvey|first=Ross|title=Digital Curation|year=2010|publisher=Neal-Schuman Publishers|location=NY|isbn=9781555706944|page=39}}</ref>  The model also addresses metadata issues and recommends that five types of metadata be attached to a digital object: reference (identification) information, provenance (including preservation history), context, fixity (authenticity indicators), and representation (formatting, file structure, and what "imparts meaning to an object's bitstream").<ref name="Cornell-2005">Cornell University Library. (2005) [http://dpworkshop.org/dpm-eng/eng_index.html/ Digital Preservation Management: Implementing Short-term Strategies for Long-term Problems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917090708/http://www.dpworkshop.org/dpm-eng/eng_index.html |date=2012-09-17 }}</ref>

===Trusted Digital Repository Model===
In March 2000, the [[Research Libraries Group]] (RLG) and [[Online Computer Library Center]] (OCLC) began a collaboration to establish attributes of a digital repository for research organizations, building on and incorporating the emerging international standard of the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). In 2002, they published "Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities." In that document a "Trusted Digital Repository" (TDR) is defined as "one whose mission is to provide reliable, long-term access to managed digital resources to its designated community, now and in the future." The TDR must include the following seven attributes: compliance with the reference model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS), administrative responsibility, organizational viability, financial sustainability, technological and procedural suitability, system security, procedural accountability. The Trusted Digital Repository Model outlines relationships among these attributes. The report also recommended the collaborative development of digital repository certifications, models for cooperative networks, and sharing of research and information on digital preservation with regard to intellectual property rights.<ref>Research Libraries Group. (2002). [http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/trustedrep/repositories.pdf Trusted Digital Repositories: Attributes and Responsibilities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220153831/http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/trustedrep/repositories.pdf/ |date=2008-02-20 }}</ref>

In 2004 Henry M. Gladney proposed another approach to digital object preservation that called for the creation of "Trustworthy Digital Objects" (TDOs). TDOs are digital objects that can speak to their own authenticity since they incorporate a record maintaining their use and change history, which allows the future users to verify that the contents of the object are valid.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Gladney, H. M. | year = 2004 | title = Trustworthy 100-year digital objects: Evidence after every witness is dead | journal = ACM Transactions on Information Systems | pages = 406–436 | volume = 22 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1145/1010614.1010617| s2cid = 16373349 }}</ref>

===InterPARES===
International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES) is a collaborative research initiative led by the University of British Columbia that is focused on addressing issues of long-term preservation of authentic digital records. The research is being conducted by focus groups from various institutions in [[North America]], [[Europe]], [[Asia]], and [[Australia]], with an objective of developing theories and methodologies that provide the basis for strategies, standards, policies, and procedures necessary to ensure the trustworthiness, reliability, and accuracy of digital records over time.<ref>{{cite conference |last=Suderman|first=Jim |title=Principle-based concepts for the long-term preservation of digital records |book-title=Proceedings of the 1st International Digital Preservation Interoperability Framework Symposium |location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |year=2010 |page=1 |doi=10.1145/2039263.2039270|isbn=9781450301107|s2cid=18365716}}</ref>

Under the direction of archival science professor [[Luciana Duranti]], the project began in 1999 with the first phase, InterPARES 1, which ran to 2001 and focused on establishing requirements for authenticity of inactive records generated and maintained in large databases and document management systems created by government agencies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Duranti |first=Luciana |title=The Long-Term Preservation of Authentic Electronic Record |journal=Proceedings of the 27th VLDB Conference, Roma, Italy |year=2001 |url=http://www.vldb.org/conf/2001/P625.pdf |access-date=September 21, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210012918/http://www.vldb.org/conf/2001/P625.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2013 }}</ref> InterPARES 2 (2002–2007) concentrated on issues of reliability, accuracy and authenticity of records throughout their whole life cycle, and examined records produced in dynamic environments in the course of artistic, scientific and online government activities.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hackett|first=Yvette|title=InterPARES: The Search for Authenticity in Electronic Records|journal=The Moving Image|year=2003|volume=3|issue=2|page=106}}</ref> The third five-year phase (InterPARES 3) was initiated in 2007. Its goal is to utilize theoretical and methodological knowledge generated by InterPARES and other preservation research projects for developing guidelines, action plans, and training programs on long-term preservation of authentic records for small and medium-sized archival organizations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laszlo |first=Krisztina |author2=McMillan, Timothy |author3=Yuhasz, Jennifer |title=The InterPARES 3 Project: Implementing Digital Records Preservation in a Contemporary Art Gallery and Ethnographic Museum |journal=Annual Conference of the International Documentation Committee of the International Council of Museums (CIDOC), 15–18 September 2008, Athens, Greece |year=2008 |page=4 |url=http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=ip3_canada_dissemination_cp_laszlo_et-al_cidoc_2008.pdf |access-date=September 21, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610004326/http://www.interpares.org/display_file.cfm?doc=ip3_canada_dissemination_cp_laszlo_et-al_cidoc_2008.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2013 }}</ref>