Editing Discrimination (section)

===Sex, sex characteristics, gender, and gender identity ===
{{Main|Sexism}}
{{See also|Homophobia|Misogyny|Misandry|Discrimination against intersex people|Transphobia||Discrimination against non-binary gender persons|Violence against LGBT people}}

[[Sexism]] is a form of discrimination based on a person's sex or gender. It has been linked to [[stereotype]]s and [[gender role]]s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Matsumoto |first=David |title=The Handbook of Culture and Psychology |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookculturep00mats |url-access=limited |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513181-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookculturep00mats/page/n213 197] }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nakdimen |first=K. A. |title=The Physiognomic Basis of Sexual Stereotyping |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |year=1984 |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=499–503 |doi=10.1176/ajp.141.4.499 |pmid=6703126 }}</ref> and may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.<ref name=":0a">{{Cite book|title=SOC 2018|last=Witt|first=Jon|date=2017|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9781259702723|edition=5th|location=New York|oclc=968304061}}{{page needed|date=May 2018}}</ref> Extreme sexism may foster [[sexual harassment]], [[rape]], and other forms of [[sexual violence]].<ref>Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven</ref> Gender discrimination may encompass sexism and is discrimination toward people based on their [[gender identity]]<ref name="Macklem">{{cite book |last=Macklem |first=Tony |year=2003 |title=Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82682-2 }}</ref> or their gender or sex differences.<ref name="Lenhart">{{cite book|title=Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions|author=Sharyn Ann Lenhart|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1135941314|page=6|access-date=April 20, 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt2SAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|quote=GENDER OR SEX DISCRIMINATION: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.}}</ref> Gender discrimination is especially defined in terms of [[workplace inequality]].<ref name="Lenhart"/> It may arise from social or cultural customs and norms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/12/football/iran-blue-girl-sahar-khodayari-spt-intl/index.html|title=FIFA must act after death of Iran's 'Blue Girl,' says activist|author=Christina Macfarlane, Sean Coppack and James Masters|website=CNN|date=September 12, 2019 }}</ref>

[[Intersex]] persons experience [[Discrimination against intersex people|discrimination]] due to innate, atypical [[sex characteristics]]. Multiple jurisdictions now protect individuals on grounds of ''intersex status'' or ''[[sex characteristics]]''. South Africa was the first country to explicitly add intersex to legislation, as part of the attribute of 'sex'.<ref>[http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2005-022.pdf Judicial Matters Amendment Act, No. 22 of 2005], Republic of South Africa, Vol. 487, Cape Town, January 11, 2006.</ref> Australia was the first country to add an independent attribute, of 'intersex status'.<ref name="expmem">{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22legislation%2Fems%2Fr5026_ems_1fcd9245-33ff-4b3a-81b9-7fdc7eb91b9b%22 |title=Australian Parliament, Explanatory Memorandum to the Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013 |access-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219231017/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p%3Bquery%3DId%3A%22legislation/ems/r5026_ems_1fcd9245-33ff-4b3a-81b9-7fdc7eb91b9b%22 |archive-date=December 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://oii.org.au/21774/welcome-senate-inquiry-anti-discrimination/ We welcome the Senate Inquiry report on the Exposure Draft of the Human Rights and Anti-Discrimination Bill 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101205811/http://oii.org.au/21774/welcome-senate-inquiry-anti-discrimination/ |date=2014-01-01}}, [[Organisation Intersex International Australia]], February 21, 2013.</ref> Malta was the first to adopt a broader framework of 'sex characteristics', through legislation that also ended modifications to the sex characteristics of minors undertaken for social and cultural reasons.<ref name="gate-malta">{{cite web |url=http://transactivists.org/2015/04/08/making-depathologization-a-matter-of-law-a-comment-from-gate-on-the-maltese-act-on-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics/ |title=Making depathologization a matter of law. A comment from GATE on the Maltese Act on Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics |last1=Cabral |first1=Mauro |author-link=Mauro Cabral |date=April 8, 2015 |publisher=[[Global Action for Trans Equality]] |access-date=2015-07-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704213308/http://transactivists.org/2015/04/08/making-depathologization-a-matter-of-law-a-comment-from-gate-on-the-maltese-act-on-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics/ |archive-date=July 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="oiieu-malta">{{Cite web |last= |date=April 1, 2015 |title=OII-Europe applauds Malta's Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act. This is a landmark case for intersex rights within European law reform |url=http://oiieurope.org/press-release-oii-europe-applauds-maltas-gender-identity-gender-expression-and-sex-characteristics-act/ |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=Oii Europe}}</ref> Global efforts such as the United Nations [[Sustainable Development Goal 5]] is also aimed at ending all forms of discrimination on the basis of gender and sex.<ref>{{Cite web|last=sdgcounting|date=2017-06-06|title=SDG 5 Indicators|url=https://medium.com/sdgs-resources/sdg-5-indicators-5fe7d2b13b58|access-date=2020-09-23|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref>