Editing Electronic voting (section)

===Cryptographic verification===
The concept of election verifiability through cryptographic solutions has emerged in the academic literature to introduce transparency and trust in electronic voting systems.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Juels|first=Ari|author2=Dario Catalano|author3=Markus Jakobsson|title=Coercion-Resistant Electronic Elections|journal=Cryptology ePrint Archive|date=November 2002|issue=165|pages=61–70 |url=http://eprint.iacr.org/2002/165|access-date=2 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075829/http://eprint.iacr.org/2002/165|archive-date=7 April 2014|citeseerx=10.1.1.11.8779}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Chaum|first=David |author2=Peter Y. A. Ryan |author3=Steve Schneider|title=A Practical Voter-Verifiable Election Scheme|journal=ESORICS'05: 10th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security|year=2005|volume=3679|series=LNCS|pages=118–139|citeseerx=10.1.1.456.7748}}</ref> It allows voters and election observers to verify that votes have been recorded, tallied and declared correctly, in a manner independent from the hardware and software running the election. Three aspects of verifiability are considered:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kremer|first=Steve |author2=Mark Ryan |author3=Ben Smyth|title=Election verifiability in electronic voting protocols|journal=ESORICS'10: 15th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security|year=2010|volume=6345|pages=389–404}}</ref> individual, universal, and eligibility. Individual verifiability allows a voter to check that her own vote is included in the election outcome, universal verifiability allows voters or election observers to check that the election outcome corresponds to the votes cast, and eligibility verifiability allows voters and observers to check that each vote in the election outcome was cast by a uniquely registered voter.