Editing Energy development (section)

=== Oceanic ===
{{Main|Marine energy}}


'''Marine Renewable Energy (MRE)''' or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy carried by the mechanical energy of [[Ocean wave|ocean waves]], currents, and [[Tide|tides]], shifts in [[salinity]] gradients, and [[Ocean thermal energy|ocean temperature differences]]. MRE has the potential to become a reliable and renewable energy source because of the cyclical nature of the oceans'''.'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Caballero |first1=Mariah D. |last2=Gunda |first2=Thushara |last3=McDonald |first3=Yolanda J. |date=2023-09-01 |title=Energy justice & coastal communities: The case for Meaningful Marine Renewable Energy Development |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=184 |pages=113491 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2023.113491 |issn=1364-0321|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023RSERv.18413491C }}</ref> The movement of water in the world's oceans creates a vast store of [[kinetic energy]] or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to [[Electricity generation|generate]] electricity to power homes, transport, and industries.

The term marine energy encompasses both [[wave power]], i.e. power from surface waves, and [[tidal power]], i.e. obtained from the kinetic energy of large bodies of moving water. [[Offshore wind power]] is not a form of marine energy, as wind power is derived from the wind, even if the [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]] are placed over water. The oceans have a tremendous amount of energy and are close to many if not most concentrated populations. Ocean energy has the potential to provide a substantial amount of new [[renewable energy]] around the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2009 |title=Ocean Energy |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77932-2 |journal=SpringerLink |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-77932-2|isbn=978-3-540-77931-5 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Marine energy technology is in its first stage of development. To be developed, MRE needs efficient methods of storing, transporting, and capturing ocean power, so it can be used where needed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thorson |first=J |title=Unlocking the potential of marine energy using hydrogen generation technologies |publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory. |year=2022}}</ref> Over the past year, countries around the world have started implementing market strategies for MRE to commercialize. Canada and China introduced incentives, such as [[Feed-in tariff|feed-in tariffs (FiTs)]], which are above-market prices for MRE that allow investors and project developers a stable income. Other financial strategies consist of subsidies, grants, and funding from [[Public–private partnership|public-private partnerships (PPPs)]]. China alone approved 100 ocean projects in 2019.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ni |first=Na |date=2023-04-01 |title=The current state on China's marine energy industry policy |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=1171 |issue=1 |pages=012025 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1171/1/012025 |issn=1755-1307|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023E&ES.1171a2025N }}</ref> Portugal and Spain recognize the potential of MRE in accelerating [[decarbonization]], which is fundamental to meeting the goals of the [[Paris Agreement]]. Both countries are focusing on solar and offshore wind [[Auction|auctions]] to attract private investment, ensure cost-effectiveness, and accelerate MRE growth. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vieira |first1=Mário |last2=Macedo |first2=Ana |last3=Alvarenga |first3=António |last4=Lafoz |first4=Marcos |last5=Villalba |first5=Isabel |last6=Blanco |first6=Marcos |last7=Rojas |first7=Rodrigo |last8=Romero-Filgueira |first8=Alejandro |last9=García-Mendoza |first9=Adriana |last10=Santos-Herran |first10=Miguel |last11=Alves |first11=Marco |date=January 2024 |title=What future for marine renewable energy in Portugal and Spain up to 2030? Forecasting plausible scenarios using general morphological analysis and clustering techniques |journal=Energy Policy |volume=184 |pages=113859 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113859 |issn=0301-4215|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024EnPol.18413859V |hdl=10362/159623 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Ireland sees MRE as a key component to reduce its carbon footprint. The Offshore Renewable Energy Development Plan (OREDP) supports the exploration and development of the country's significant offshore energy potential. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.oceanenergyireland.com/about/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Ocean Energy Ireland}}</ref> Additionally, Ireland has implemented the Renewable Electricity Support Scheme (RESS) which includes auctions designed to provide financial support for communities, increase technology diversity, and guarantee [[energy security]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=Renewable Electricity Support Scheme (RESS) |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/36d8d2-renewable-electricity-support-scheme/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.gov.ie |language=en}}</ref>

However, while research is increasing, there have been concerns associated with threats to marine mammals, habitats, and potential changes to [[Ocean current|ocean currents.]] MRE can be a renewable energy source for coastal communities helping their transition from fossil fuel, but researchers are calling for a better understanding of its environmental impacts. <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=Sarah F. |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Dhruv |last3=O'Neil |first3=Rebecca S. |last4=Reiman |first4=Andy P. |last5=Preziuso |first5=Danielle C. |last6=Robertson |first6=Bryson |date=2022-09-30 |title=Evaluating the resilience benefits of marine energy in microgrids |url=https://marineenergyjournal.org/imej/article/view/120 |journal=International Marine Energy Journal |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.36688/imej.5.143-150 |issn=2631-5548}}</ref> Because ocean-energy areas are often isolated from both fishing and sea traffic, these zones may provide shelter from humans and predators for some marine species. MRE devices can be an ideal home for many [[fish]], [[crayfish]], [[Mollusca|mollusks]], and [[Barnacle|barnacles]]; and may also indirectly affect [[Seabird|seabirds]], and [[Marine mammal|marine mammals]] because they feed on those species. Similarly, such areas may create an "[[Artificial reef|artificial reef effect]]" by boosting biodiversity nearby. [[Noise pollution]] generated from the technology is limited, also causing fish and mammals living in the area of the installation to return. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ocean energy: An important ally in the fight against climate change |url=https://impact.economist.com/ocean/ocean-and-climate/ocean-energy-an-important-ally-in-the-fight-against-climate-change |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=impact.economist.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> In the most recent State of Science Report about MRE, the authors claim that there is no evidence for fish, mammals, or seabirds to be injured by either collision, noise pollution, or the electromagnetic field. The uncertainty of its environmental impact comes from the low quantity of MRE devices in the ocean today where data is collected. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy: the 2020 State of the Science Report {{!}} Tethys |url=https://tethys.pnnl.gov/stories/environmental-effects-marine-renewable-energy-2020-state-science-report |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=tethys.pnnl.gov}}</ref>